The Trauma of Divorce Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Trauma of Divorce - Research Paper Example There are different events in life which can cause trauma. For example, death of close ones, accidents, loss of social status, separation etc., can cause trauma in human life. It has been found that â€Å"people who experience major threats to psychological integrity can suffer as much as those traumatized by physical injury or life threat† (Briere & Scott, 2006, p. 4). One of the most traumatic experiences in life is divorce. Divorce causes pain not only to the individuals getting divorce, but also to people who are related to them. This multiplies the pain and makes it one of the most traumatic experiences in life. During recent decades, divorce has become more common in North America (Matlin, 2008, p. 266). It has been found that even in modern age of today, experience of divorce is still traumatic (Matlin, 2008, p. 266). Hence, if the experience of trauma is to be reduced in individuals undergoing divorce, then people related to them should make it their responsibility to provide them with complete emotional and psychological support so as to help them cope better with the trauma and come out stronger and healthier from it. Divorce has various psychological effects on a person. According to Baca Zinn and Eitzen (2002), apart from separation from spouse, as divorce brings different kinds of transitions and separations, it is especially painful for a person (Matlin, 2008, p. 267). According to Etaugh and Hochn (1995), as people have a tendency to judge a woman who is divorced with negative attitude, it causes immense distress and stress to her (Matlin, 2008, p. 267). Moreover, as women are more likely to get separated from friends and relatives previously shared by the couple, and from the home and children with whom they are emotionally attached, there are more chances of them feeling hurt, lonely and helpless inside (Matlin, 2008, p. 267). Divorce brings dramatic

Sociolinguistic analysis of language and culture Assignment

Sociolinguistic analysis of language and culture - Assignment Example On social status, S1, S2, and S3 most probably belong to the typical middle class --- taking hourly jobs to earn extra cash, etc. They also worry about taxes and prices of sandwiches, etc. On race/ethnicity, S1, S2, and S3 obviously are not native English speakers. S3 could be Chinese, because she mentioned at some point that â€Å"im supposed to be able to speak Chinese.† S1s ethnicity is still vague, but for sure she is not a native speaker because she uses the word â€Å"bathroom† when referring to the toilet. S2 could be more fluent compared to S1 and S3, but still a non-native English speaker because she uses phrases such as â€Å"its coming out of the same pot,† which is easy to understand but not a common idiomatic expression in English. S4s ethnicity is somewhat hard to determine because of the limited interaction of the other speakers with him. His gender is obviously male, because he was called by his name (Jeremy) the moment he arrived. S1 displays instrumental, regulatory, and personal (Bonvillain, 2008, p.182) communicative styles. Instrumental because she is sees to not have qualms in satisfying needs: â€Å"you guys i_ i have to go_ i have to go leave. i have to go to the bathroom.† Regulatory because she is assertive in speaking what she thinks she wants done: â€Å"yo- you wanna put our forms all together, (in this)† and â€Å"w- should we go up and like testing testing .† Personal because all throughout the interaction, she expresses her thoughts without hesitation, sometimes even to the point of interrupting the current speaker. S2 displays interactional and heuristic (Bonvillain, 2008, p.182) communicative styles. Interactional because she tries to maintain the balance in the interaction by allowing each speaker to say their thoughts without interruption for the most part. Her usual verbal nods are â€Å"uhuh† and â€Å"mhm.† This shows that even if she does not ask a

Ecological Theory And Child Development

Ecological Theory And Child Development Analyse the contribution of Ecological theory to our understanding of typical and atypical child development, and discuss this model in relation to the factors and possible interventions for child abuse The importance of insight regarding the parent/child bond has always been a component of social services custom, but the significance has not always been indentified of the interaction that the environment plays on a parents ability to act in their childs best interests (Department of Health, 1999). A significant breakthrough in the knowledge of child abuse appears to have emerged through the application of an ecological model of child maltreatment, The ecological paradigm is currently the most comprehensive model we have for understanding child abuse (Gallagher 2001; 76). Such a perspective has generally been derived from theory based on Bronfenbrenners (1979) pioneering work, in which he defines to which The ecology of human development involvesthe progressive, mutual accommodation between an active, growing human being and the changing properties of the immediate settingsthis process is affected by relations between these settings and by the larger contexts in which these settings are embedded. (Sidebotham, 2001; 105). The importance of an ecological standpoint in the perception of abuse is, firstly, that it widens the boundaries of the unfavourable effects of maltreatment on children beyond just the parent-child relationship to consider the familial and social context in which such abuse occurs. Second, the ecological model is transactional; in the sense that it acknowledges the individual and the immediate and wider influences as actively interacting with each other. However, it should be noted that this ideology holds some limitations in the sense that it would not seem to account very well for child sexual abuse. Any pairing together of juxtapositions forms of behaviour as occurs with child abuse or child maltreatment, is bound to result in some loss of specificityIt would be foolish to think that ecological models are the final word on child abusethere is not single solution to abuse (Gallagher 2001; 77). Specific hazardous factors contribute to parents abusing their children. Although maltreatment does not often occur without numerable of these factors interacting in the same household simultaneously. Firstly, the risk of abuse increases in any household exposed to significant stress, regardless if this stress arises from unemployment, poverty, neighbourhood violence, a lack of social support, or an especially demanding infant (CDC, 2006). Bronfenbrenners predominant layer, or microsystem, refers to the collaborations that occur within the childs immediate environment. The childs own genetic and social characteristics affect the habits, behaviour and patience of their peers, For example, a temperamentally tiresome infant could disaffect their parents or even create friction between them that may be sufficient to damage their marital relationship (Belsky Crnic, 1995). Also, the relationship between any two individuals in the microsystem is likely to be influenced by the introduction of a child. Fathers, for example, clearly influence mother-infant interactions, happily married mothers who have close supportive relationships with their husbands tend to interact much more patiently and sensitively with their infants than mothers who experience marital tension, little support from their spouses, or feel that they are raising their children on their own (Cox et al, 1992). In regards to the emphasis on family, the notion to which a parent regards their competence and rates the performance of their parenting role is also a relevant matter. Parenting competence has been noted as problematic among abusive parents (Marsh Johnston, 1990) and linked with increased abuse possibility. Whilst acknowledging that improvement of parenting capacity is an important objective one must be cautious in concluding that improved competency in parenting directly results in a reduction in child maltreatment as observations on interactions based under experimental conditions rarely reflect in daily life (Gallagher,2001;248). Direct exposure to abuse can have a dangerous impact as abused children tend to function less adaptively than their non-abused peers in many areas (Cicchetti, Rogosch, 1993). According to Hipwell et al (2008) Children in a caring and loving environment feel more secure in their immediate surrounds in regard to the microsystem, they develop greater self-confidence, are altruistic and show higher signs of being empathetic. These children are also shown to have larger IQs throughout their schooling life, and show lower levels of anger and delinquent behaviour. As Bronfenbrenners ecological model would present, higher degrees of affection can even buffer a child against the negative implications of otherwise precarious environments (Bartley Fonagy, 2008). Several studies of children and teens growing up in poor, dangerous neighbourhoods show that the single ingredient that most clearly distinguishes the lives of those who do not become delinquent from those who do is a high level of mat ernal love (McCdord, 1982). The Mesosystem is the connections or interrelationship among such microsystems as homes, schools, and peer groups. Bronfenbrenner argues that development will be increased by supportive and strong connections between Microsystems. For example, children who have instigated attached and secure relationships with parents have a tendency to be accepted by others and to have close, supportive peers during their development (Perry, 1999). According to McAdoo (1996) a childs competence to learn in a schooling environment is dependent upon the quality of the teaching provided and also the degree to which their parents place value upon education capital and how they interact with the teacher and vice-versa. However, this can also impact negatively at this level as when deviant peer groups or friends of the child devalue scholastics, they will tend to undermine that childs school performance in spite of teacher and parents best efforts. Numerable research has revealed that exposure to abuse had a severe negative impact upon a childs academic functioning. Schwab-Stone et al (1995) concluded that as the consistency of maltreatment increased this had a direct negative correlation with academic performance. Likewise, Bowen (1999) found in a sample of over 2000 high school students that exposure to community and school violence put limitations on school attendance, behaviour and results. Warner and Weist (1999) revealed that children from low income families who are witnesses to household and neighbourhood violence demonstrated atypical symptoms of PTSD, anxiety and depression. The symptoms continue upon the latter to include atypical externalising behaviours such as anger, inability to form relationships and a decline in academic performance. Surviving on a low income in a bad neighbourhood does not make it impossible to be the caring, affectionate parent of healthy, sociable children. But it does, undeniably, make it more difficult (Utting, 1995, p. 40). Children from low-income households may display more behavioural troubles than their better-off peers. However, according to Gorman-Smith (1998) family factors, including parenting practices do not predict childrens exposure to violence. He suggests that other community factors rather than their household income will influence and operate on children and those family factors are not powerful enough to mediate or moderate their effects. Such studies have often found there to be an important correlation between communities in which citizens have described a high level of community cohesions and children safety, with an increase in child abuse being linked with a negative sense of community identity. Self-care has the most negative effects for children in low-income neighbourhoods with high crime rates (Marshall et al, 1997). Children who begin self-care at an early age are more vulnerable to older self-care children in their communities who can damage or abuse them. These children are more likely to have adjustment problems in school and are more likely to use after-school with socially deviant peers who do not value school and undergo criminal activities. Predictably, then the positive effects of organised after school programs on academic achievement are greater for children in low-income neighbourhoods (Mason Chuang, 2001). Bronfenbrenners penultimate layer, or exosystem, consists of contexts that children and their peers may not be aware although nevertheless will influence their development. For example, parents work environments are an exosystem influence. Childrens emotional relationships at home may be influenced considerably by whether or not their parents enjoy their work (Greenberger, ONeal, Nagel, 1994). In a similar fashion, childrens experiences in school may be influenced by their exosystem, by a social integration plan taken on by the school council, or by job cuts in their community that result in a decline in the schools revenue. Negative impacts on development can also result when the exosystem breaks down. For example, Sidebotham (2002) has shown that households that are affected by unemployment, poor housing and poor social networks are more likely to be involved in increased occurrences of child abuse. Whose comments are justified next to Beeman (1997) who concluded that a lack of so cial support and a high consistency of negative attitudes towards available networks all contribute towards the chances of child maltreatment. The majority of the research on the impact of mothers employment concludes towards a small positive influence on most children (Scott, 2004). Children whose mothers are in employment are more confident and show more admiration for their mothers in contrast to those mothers who do not work. The effect of the mothers work on influencing attitudes and results in school become less apparent, with many studies showing no difference (Gottfried, Bathurst, 1994). Muller (1995) in his large study on the latter topic distinguished a small but comprehensible negative difference on the effect on maths results if that childs mother was in employment. However, this difference seemed to be based on the fact that mothers who do not work as much are less engrossed with their childs work and are less likely to oversee the childs work continuously after school, rather than from a long-lasting deficit brought about by maternal employment in the early years. Thus, working mothers who find ways to provide such supervision and who remain involved with their childrens schools have kids who do as well as children whose mothers are homemakers. Research evidence intuitively shows that when a man becomes unemployed, it places a strain on his marriage; which in turn leads to an increase in marital conflict and both mother and father show more signs of depression. The effects of these conflicts eventually show the same characteristics as families who are experiencing divorce; both parents appear less coherent in their attitudes towards their children, become less loving and less effective at monitoring them. Similarly, children, in turn respond to this situation as they would during their parents divorce by exhibiting a series of atypical behaviours which can include depression, anger or becoming involved in delinquent behaviour. According to Conger et al (1992), the likelihood of abuse at all levels, shows an increase during times of households unemployment. However, according to Berger (2004) parents who are experiencing divorce but who have a supportive framework and emotional support from friends are increasingly more like ly to provide a safe and affectionate environment for children in comparison to those who are occupied in social isolation. Gorman-Smith and Tolan (1998), in their study of the effects of divorce, did not find that family structure and other familial influences had an independent involvement towards the prediction of exposure to abuse in comparison to that of other risk factors such as the breakdown of traditional social processes in the community. Low income parents are characterised by contributing towards their childs atypical development as Evans (2004) concludes that parents of such a nature are less likely to communicate with their children, spend less time engaging with them in intellectually stimulating activities and in turn are harsher and more aggressive in their discipline techniques. Not all children follow the same development pathways and there are certain factors that influence their development. For example, children below the poverty line are half as likely to recall the alphabet and have the ability to count by the time they enter the first years of schooling. This development according to Brooks-Gunn (1995) also applies, and is maintained through to adolescence as older children in poverty are twice as likely as their counterparts to repeat a year of school and are less likely to go onto higher education. In keeping with Bronfenbrenners model, parental values on the best way to deal with discipline will be largely in coherence with the larger culture in which they reside. According to Lockhart (Ecology of Development; 345), by striking a child it will usually stop the chid from repeating the behaviour. Although research evidence suggests that children who are spanked, like children who are abused at later ages are less popular with their peers and show higher levels of aggression, lower self-esteem, more emotional instability, higher rates of depression and distress, and higher levels of delinquency and later criminality (Mostow Campbell, 2004). Bronfenbrenners concluding layer is that of a macrosystem which entails a broad, overarching ideology in which the child is embedded, and whose principles dictate how a child should be treated and how discipline should be distributed. These principles differ across macrosystems (cultures) and sub-cultures and social classes and can have a direct influence on the types of experiences a child will have in all levels of their ecological system. To cite one example, Belsky (1993) discusses how the incidence of child abuse in families (a microsystem experience) is much lower in those cultures (or macrosystems) that discourage physical punishment of children and advocate nonviolent ways of resolving interpersonal conflict. Similarly Clarke (1997) revealed how at the level of the macrosystem, a Government policy that ensures parents have the option to take paid or unpaid leave from their jobs to see to family matters could provide a significant intervention towards child abuse allowing pare nts more free time to observe their childs development and resolve difficulties that may arise within their child. The debate that encircles the surrounding links between culture and child abuse is a complex notion, which has resulted in a myriad of concerns. For instance, recent statistics of child maltreatment has indicated that ethnic minority children are substantially more at risk of abuse than their Caucasian counterparts (U.S Department of Health, 2006). However Lassiter (1987) has countered, showing that these minorities may be over-represented to the relevant services. Lassiter argues that biased statistics do not take into consideration other influencing factors such as socioeconomic status and the level of schooling received. Without considering socioeconomic factors that may also influence the parent and child, research risks inadvertently concluding that factors that increase abuse potential are because of race or ethnicity, or are universal. The contextual risk variable that looks to have the biggest part in forecasting child maltreatment is having a family member who has also been a direct victim of some form of previous abuse. For example, A parent suffering from the stress of having been victimised herself or having another family member who has been victimised may be overwhelmed and more disturbed by the childs behaviour and may, therefore, have a lower threshold for viewing the childs externalizing behaviour as problematic. Primary or universal support targets the community as a whole, with generic initiatives, campaigns and community-based services that support parents and families without entry criteria. Their aim is to prevent problems such as child abuse and family breakdown (Healy Darlington, 1999). MacMillan (1994) in describing child abuse interventions found it necessary to distinguish between the differing forms of prevention, including that of primary intervention to which he describes as any manoeuvre that is provided to the general population or a sample of the general population or a sample of the general population to reduce the incidence of child maltreatment;, and secondary prevention, early detection of a condition with the aim of shortening the duration of the disorder, and tertiary prevention, prevention of recurrence of maltreatment and impairment resulting from abuse. MacMillan further explained the difficulties in prevention in regards to psychological and emotional maltreatment, which accounts for a high number of reported cases but difficulty arises when evidence needs to be collated, and if emotional abuse is accepted as a form of abuse, then the distinction between primary and secondary prevention or indeed tertiary prevention becomes less clear. Osofsky (1995) in his research on primary prevention has called for a nationwide campaign that would address to change the attitudes toward maltreatment and lower peoples tolerance of child abuse. Support for an ecological approach to child welfare is evident in the Framework for the Assessment of Children and their Families (Department of Health et al, 2000), which stresses the need to consider not only the factors relating to the child and their parents, but also the wider context in which children live when assessing their needs, acknowledging the impact of social and community factors on childrens welfare. This is also justified through the Every Child Matters document which refers to the concept of Making a positive contribution; being involved with the community and society. Involving local communities in the prevention of child abuse was acknowledged by Nelson and Baldwin (2002) who asserted that the Every Child Matters model has the potential to involve communities enthusiast ically in partnership with agencies in identifying problems and seeking solutions and that the process can help to build communities which are more informed, aware and thoughtful about child protection. Although the presence of risk factors, such as a poor environment or unsupportive relationships with primary caregivers, or being looked after outside the family, increases the likelihood of a negative outcome for the individual, studies of competence and resilience have shown that, regardless of background, children are generally resourceful. Competence has been shown to be a mediating variable that predicts positive or negative outcomes (Smith, Cowie, Blades, 2001; 569).

Comparison of Mid-Term Break, The Field Mouse, and On My First Sonne Es

Comparison of Mid-Term Break, The Field Mouse, and On My First Sonne The above poems are written by 3 different people and on reading them they seem to be about very different things. But at heart, they are about death and the pain that appears afterwards. Seamus Heaney's Mid-Term Break is a memory of his four-year-old brother's death. Gillian Clarke's The Field Mouse is about death in a political conflict compared to a death in nature. Finally On My First Sonne by Ben Johnson is about the death of his son and the religious view of the situation. Both Heaney and Johnson's poems are about the death of a close loved one and how it is dealt with emotionally and in reality. On looking at the title of Heaney's poem, you almost immediately assume that is a happy one, possibly about what he spends his holidays doing. This of course is not the case. Unlike the other two poems, you do not know immediately who has died or even if there is a death. Throughout the poem he keeps us guessing what is happening. He gives us a clue and we have to piece it together like a detective putting a jigsaw puzzle together to solve a crime. Also the fact that it is a memory and he is talking about himself as a child shows how badly it would have affected him and his parents emotionally. Through Heaney talks about the reaction of all his family members to his brother's death, Johnson only talks about how his son's death affected him. You can see that since the deceased was his first son, that he is hit emotionally very hard and seems to blame himself, but at the same time consulates himself by thinking that he has gone to a better place. Line 5 'O, could I loose all father now. For why.' seems to indicate that he has lost a... ...connection that the rest of us probably would not. I feel the poem that really explains the situation well is Seamus Heaney's Mid-Term Break as it keeps the person in suspense over who has died, but delivers a shock at the end when we find out who it really is. This really mixes your emotions and unlike the other 2 makes you feel sorry for a death that happened over 20-30 years ago. I also feel it is better because it focuses on the actually death. while Healey does fill in these criteria. Clarke's poem compares the killing of a field mouse to the killings in the Bosnian War. Though this is clever, it does not show the bad things in the Bosnian War as in reality the killing of one field mouse cannot really be literally compared to the massive killings involving the Muslims. The above reasons are why I think overall Seamus Heaney's poem is the best.

Essay on “Anti-smacking bill” Essay

In this essay, I am going to discuss, identify and outline my selected social policy; I will also explain why I selected this social policy and why it is a social policy; I will Identify and describe the interest groups who helped define this problem and have set the agenda; the objectives of this social policy will be outlined and explained, arguments of the interest groups will be linked to their political ideology or ideologies. I have chosen the â€Å"Anti-smacking Bill† because I believe that physical punishment can be ineffective and can have harmful long-term effects on children, especially if it’s severe. It is appears clear to me that there are many other ways of disciplining children that are less harmful. Also, I believe that prosecuting parents will not necessarily lead to a decrease in child abuse. Like many other New Zealanders however, I have been a little confused by much of the argument around which is the best way to protect the interests of the children of our country. I am also interested in how this policy affected so many groups of people that defined the policy in different ways. This bill was very controversial from the start. Politicians and focus groups have been up and arms about this bill. In 2001, The Labour-led government began considering amending the smacking law at the request of United Nations, but decided not to repeal Section 59 of the Crimes Act, which says parents can use disciplinary force against their children if it’s reasonable. In 2001, the National party called for the law to give parents the right to use reasonable force to discipline their children. In 2003, Prime Minister Helen Clark called for smacking of children to be outlawed after UN Committee on the Rights for the Child said that New Zealand was the only country that had legislation that allowed parents to use reasonable force when it came to disciplining children. In July 2005, the Anti-smacking Bill, sponsored by Sue Bradford, passed its first hurdle in parliament with MPs voting to send it to select committee. The bill was processed by other MPs and NZ Law society. There were concerns that this bill would turn good parents into criminals. There were also apprehensions on the lack of clear guidance about what is acceptable when disciplining a child. There were lots of groups that were lobbying against this bill but in February 2007, the Anti-smacking bill got through its second reading. MPs voted 70 to 51 in  favour of the bill. Aside from all the controversy the bill was passed on May 16, 2007. This bill repeals section 59 of the Crimes Act. (One news, 2009) The Anti-smacking bill was implemented by the government on May 16, 2007 after the bill got through its second reading in February 2007. (One news, 2009) The Anti-Smacking law provides a safe and secure environment for both children and adults and ensures positive outcomes as children grow up. The law makes it clear that physical discipline is not a necessary or acceptable part of parenting because it undermines a child’s feelings of safety and security. In addition, the law helps to ensure that a child’s right to a fair deal in the courts is respected. (Robinson, 2010) The law is designed to teach children that physical discipline is not the answer. Violence leads to fear and distrust of adults and often does not help children understand what behavior is expected of them. (Robinson, 2010) Police have the discretion not to prosecute complaints made against a parent of a child or guardian where the offence is considered to be so minor that there is no public interest in proceeding with a prosecution. (Robinson, 2010) The Anti-Smacking Bill is a social policy because this bill has affected all New Zealanders in different ways. This policy affected our society and our welfare in so many ways. Not all New Zealander’s believed that parents would accept being controlled by the government in this way or would answer to the police when disciplining their children. The country was truly divided on whether or not this policy would prove to be advantageous and beneficial for the parents and the children at all. In the early 2000s Family First was one of a number of conservative groups that opposed proposed legislation restricting the use of corporal punishment on children – the so-called ‘anti-smacking’ bill. Family First declared the measure would undermine parental authority and campaigned to stop it being passed. This included a protest march along Wellington’s Lambton Quay in March 2007. The bill became law later that year. (Miller, 2007) In fact, the Family First NZ says that the latest review of the anti-smacking law shows that the law is a complete waste of time as it fails to catch actual child abuse, wastes police resources and time, and targets non-abusive parents. (McCroskie, 2009) Mr Bob McCroskie stated the following: â€Å"While the country struggles with the problem of the P-drug, violent crime including armed hold-ups, and boy racing which is killing our young people, the police are having to waste time running around investigating parents who use a smack,† says Bob McCoskrie, National Director of Family First NZ. (McCroskrie, 2009) He continued on saying that the prosecution rate for ‘smacking’ and ‘minor acts of physical discipline’ is as low as 5-8% and even ‘other child assaults’ have up to 20% of them only warranting a warning. This report, as with previous reports, continues to confirm that non-abusive parents are being investigated – which we always feared.† (McCroskie, 2009) He also added that the results of this bill will be trumpeted by the supporters of the law change for doing nothing. (McCroskie, 2009) He also pointed that If the politicians introduced a law targeting boy racers that involved a significant number of investigations but less than 10% was actually catching offenders, it would be quite obvious that the law was dysfunctional. The anti-smacking law is ideologically flawed and a complete and utter waste of time. (McCroskie, 2009) According to ‘Family First – Mr. McCroskie, â€Å"the horror of child abuse deaths has continued since the law change†. Mr McCroskie added that Sue Bradford’s comment was quite correct when she said ‘The epidemic of child abuse and child violence in this country continues – sadly. The bill was never intended to solve that problem.’ (McCroskie, 2009) â€Å"You know a law is completely ineffectual when the proponents applaud it because of its lack of impact and the problem and rate of child abuse remains,† says Mr McCoskrie. (McCroskie, 2009) There are reports that families are calling on the National government to amend the law so that non-abusive smacking is not a crime, and good parents are not victims of a law which should be targeted more effectively at child  abusers. The New Zealand people are crying out for laws that actually target abusers and protect abused. (McCroskie, 2009) A poll of New Zealanders has found that 3 out 4 voters want the anti-smacking law to be amended, and the support was strongest from National, NZ First and Maori party voters. (Anti-smacking pool, 2013) In the poll of 1,000 people undertaken by Curia Market Research, respondents were asked â€Å"Do you think the anti-smacking law should be changed to state explicitly that parents who give their children a smack that is reasonable and for the purpose of correction are not breaking the law? 77% of respondents back a law change to allow correctional smacking. 86% of National voters supported a change in the law. Only 12% of respondents thought the law change had had any effect on the rate of child abuse, with Green voters surprisingly being most skeptical. (Anti-smacking pools, 2013) According to Craig and Barbara Smith, â€Å"Polling in 2009 and 2010 showed that parents were confused by the effect of the law because they have been given conflicting messages by the promoters of the law, legal opinions have contradicted each other, and on top of that there is ‘police discretion’ but not CYF discretion to investigate. And police guidelines state that ‘a prosecution may be warranted if such actions are repetitive or frequent’.† (Smith, 2008) In 2009 the New Zealand public was asked to vote on a referendum regarding the question â€Å"Should a smack as a part of parental correction be a criminal offence in New Zealand?† Despite an over whelming vote to the contrary the National Government chose not to make any adjustment to the Anti-smacking Law. The purpose of this law is essentially to make better provision for children so that they can live in a safe and secure environment that is free from violence. The Anti-smacking Law pursues to achieve this by removing the use of parental force for the purpose of correction. The law makes it clear that physical discipline is not necessary or acceptable part of parenting because it undermines a child’s feelings of safety and security. (McCroskie, 2009) The Anti-smacking rules are: Use of force correction is strictly forbidden; the law states that adults who hit children hard enough will be prosecuted. Adults caring for children can still use ‘force’ (by methods of holding or restraining) to keep children safe – for example adults can stop a child from running out onto the street, touching a hot stove, hurting themselves or other children and they can carry a protesting child out of a supermarket. (Robinson, 2009) The Anti-smacking Bill has brought up controversy from the time the bill was passed to the present. According to the latest (17 June 2013) â€Å"Media Release†. The Family First said that since the anti-smacking law was passed in a supposed effort to lower our child abuse rates, it has been confirmed as a spectacular failure based on flawed ideology. (Independent news media, 2013) The Family First NZ are also refuting and contesting a statement that was made by Prime Minister John Key that the increased numbers of child abuse simply reflect an increase in reporting. (McCroskie, 2009) Mr Bob McCroskie has stated that â€Å"The rates of child abuse deaths have stayed at the same rate as they were before the law was passed. That certainly has nothing to do with ‘increased reporting’. He further stated that the politicians who supported this bill should front up and admit that the anti-smacking law has been a huge flop which has targeted good parents, rather than the rotten parents who are abusing their children, and has wasted time of the police and CYF.† (Independent news media, 2013) According to a recent survey that was made Family First, out of 1,000 New Zealander’s, they found that only 12% of respondents think the law change has had any effect on the rate of child abuse. The survey also found that three out of four people back a law change to allow â€Å"correctional† smacking of children. (Independent news media, 2013) It is my conclusion that the Anti-smacking Bill has brought up issues that have created misunderstanding and confusion for the New Zealand people. Personally, I am comfortable that children are now afforded the protection of the law, as opposed to the discrepancies of the previous legislation. I do still however believe that parents should have the right to choose how they discipline their own children. I believe that such disciple can and should include the use of a light smack where appropriate. The discretionary role of the Police in enforcing the new legislation comes at no small cost in Police and Court  resources. However, in the absence of any better alternative this would appear a cost we should all bear. No child should be ruled by fear, or live in fear. Unfortunately, as much as the Anti-smacking Bill is serving a positive purpose it would appear that it has failed to address or reduce the more extreme cases of child abuse that continue to be as a blight on our society. This issue was the root of much the emotion in the debate around this policy. To my dismay the issue remains unresolved. VA:F [1.9.17_1161] References: Abrahams (2009) Anti-smacking thoughts. Retrieved from http://www.abrahams.co.nz/antismacking/ Family First Press release (2013). Smacking law as spectacular failure. Retrieved from http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO1306/S00202/smacking-law-confirmed-as-spectacular-failure.htm Farrar, D. (2009) Anti-smacking proposed. Retrieved from http://www.kiwiblog.co.nz/2009/03/anti-smacking_amendment_proposed.html McCroskie, B. (2009) Sue Bradsford Anti Smacking. Smacking law complete and utter waste of time. Retrieved from https://www.familyfirst.org.nz/research/anti-smacking-polls/ . Manukau City Miller, R. (2012). ‘Interest groups – Cause interest group’,Te Ara – the encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 15-Nov-12.Retrieved from URL: http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/photograph/34982/family-first-protest One news (August 21, 2009) (Copyright 2013) Timeline: Anti-smacking bill. Retrieved from http://tvnz.co.nz/politics-news/timeline-anti-smacking-legislation-2936192 Anti-Smacking Polls, (2013). National Voters Want Smacking Law Change – Poll. Retrieved from https://www.familyfirst.org.nz/research/anti-smacking-polls/ Robinson, K. (2009) How to understand the New Zealand Anti-smacking law. What is the law? Retrieved from http://howto.yellow.co.nz/legal/consumer-law/how-to-understand-the-new-zealan d-anti-smacking-law/ Smith, C. & B. (2008). Family Integrity. Retrieved from http://familyintegrity.org.nz Robinson, K. (2009) How to understand the New Zealand Anti-smacking law. What is the law? Retrieved from http://howto.yellow.co.nz/legal/consumer-law/how-to-understand-the-new-zealand-anti-smacking-law/ One news (August 21, 2009) (Copyright 2013) Timeline: Anti-smacking bill. Retrieved from http://tvnz.co.nz/politics-news/timeline-anti-smacking-legislation-2936192

Exchange Rate Policies In Developing Countries

The monetary exchange in most developing countries is unstable due to the high level of inflation and weak currencies. The monetary policy of a country usually is affected by its monetary exchange rate. A country can attempt to engage on a reductive or expansionary monetary policy depending on the amount of money that is actually in circulation. A country with more amount of money in circulation with increasing inflationary rate tends to adopt a reductive monetary policy where bank interest rate is increased and expenditure on capital infrastructural goods is limited.On the other hand, an expansionary monetary policy encourages the increase in money supply to the economy by reducing interest and bank lending rate, and engaging more in capital expenditures. No matter the monetary policy embarked on by a government, this goes to influence the monetary exchange rate of such country. According to Svensson (2000) the significance of exchange rate on a country’s monetary policy lies in the additional channel that exchange rate provides for the transmission of monetary policy.Secondly, the exchange rate involve a forward looking variable in which case it provides valuable information in the designing and implementation of monetary policy. Thirdly, monetary policy is enhanced through foreign shocks that are mainly propagated thoroughly in exchange rate. A country can utilize either a fixed monetary exchange rate or a flexible exchange rate, depending on the supply rate of money and the monetary independence it choose to stick with.In a developing country, with weak institutions, the exchange rates of such countries are determined by relaying in comparative measure with currencies from other strong and stable economies. Thus, it is difficult for these developing countries to operate flexible exchange rates. As a flexible exchange rate requires that solid financial structure is laid, and consolidated, fiscal and monetary policy institutions are in place.Developing countries engages in fixed rate to operate its exchange rate. In operating, a fixed rate for monetary exchange entails that the country’s central financial institution, i. . the Central Bank buy and sell the domestic currency at a given rate. Furthermore, the viability of such monetary operation is entirely tied to the country’s level of international reserves held by its authorities. ECONOMICS INDEXES ASSOCIATED WITH A DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Most developing countries are consumers’ society with little production. Most revenue and means for generating foreign exchange for this category of country are on primary goods in form of exploration of natural resources and agricultural activities.Agrarian economies and exploration of primary products are mainly source for generating foreign exchange in developing countries. In other words, the economies of most developing countries are tied down to the apron strings of advanced economies. Electronics, technological produc ts, consumable products and finished goods are the main items of import for developing countries. The costs for importing these finished goods are more costly when compared with the amounts that are paid for exports of primary goods and raw materials from developing countries.The inequalities in the pricing regime in the international market are unfavorable for developing countries. This variable contributes to the foreign reserves of developing countries. Invariably, it affects the values of currency and its exchange rate. The monetary values of developing countries are weak when compared with those of vibrant economies. Inflation affects the economic growth and development of developing countries. In a situation where there is much money in the economy pursuing little goods in the economy, this situation leads to increase in inflation rate.Inflation reduces the purchasing power of people in a given economy. This weakens the value and use of money as a medium of exchange (especiall y in a galloping inflationary situation). To Ogbokor (2004), â€Å"Inflation, in a developing country, encourages inventory accumulation in the form of raw material, excessive investment in merchandise building and landed property. As a result, capital is prevented from being utilized for projects required for economic growth†.The implication of information in developing countries is that there brings about dearth of infrastructural amenities and the reduction of purchasing power of people for embracing a meaningful living. Financial institutions in developing countries, such as in Africa, are highly underdeveloped culminating in lack of depth financial consolidation, extensive inefficiency and over populated urban areas. The stock exchange markets in African countries are still in their embryonic state. They are just beginning to gain ground.In recent times, the Nigerian Stock exchange market (NSE) is making progressive growth in capitalization and growth in stock indexes. T he growth in the Nigerian market especially in 2007 financial operation year in the public reform policy taken in the country’s financial sector has aided the stock exchange market in the country. In 2005, the consolidation of the Nigerian banking sector through the recapitalization has brought great improvement in the banking sector and financial institution (Njoku, 2006).The great feet attained in the reform, policy has led the government to introduce this recapitalization policy in the insurance sector. In the past the Breton institution, such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank have recommended several medicines for the ailing economies of third world and developing economies. Such measures to embark on a structural adjustment programmed that will involve the devaluation of their currencies, among other measures such as privatization of public enterprises, removal of subsidies on public goods and less government intervention in their countries econ omies inter-alia.Even though these developing countries have put the structural programmed into use there situation economically still remain the same, sometimes made worst. â€Å"This SAP-induced inflation has resulted in adverse income redistribution, leading to increased personal insecurity and lessened personal satisfaction, while heightening interpersonal and institutional tensions and deterring investment and inhibiting consumer spending† (Anyanwu 1992). MONETARY EXCHANGE POLICIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES The move to find an appropriate policy for monetary rate for developing countries has being on for decades now.But the volatile capital situation in these category of countries have made it more challenging for finding a lasting solution for the monetary exchange these countries. In these view, Velasco (2000) argued, â€Å"a significant conclusion that is shared from the volatile monetary exchange rate from developing countries is that adjustable or crawling pegs are e xtremely fragile in a world of volatile capital movements. The pressure resulting from massive capital flow reversals and weakened domestic financial systems was too strong even for countries that followed sound macroeconomic policies and had large stocks of reserves†.Since the 1970s, the volatile nature of the exchange rate of poor and developing countries is seen to be pervasive; as there are no stable, developed and consolidated financial institutions to peg exchange rate for countries and partners that these developing countries transact international business. The concern here according to Collins (1995) was that â€Å"the market for the developing countries currency were so thin, creating a volatile exchange rate that would be disruptive for economic activity†.The missing link for developing countries for a lasting solution for its exchange rate has being on the lack of a consolidated financial institution and stable economy. This situation for developing countrie s is made worst during the 1970s and 80s. â€Å"Prior to the 1980s, it was widely believed that operating a competitive floating exchange rate regime required a level of institutional development that developing countries did not possess† (Quirk, 1994: 135). The volatile nature of the exchange rate as recognized in the economy of developing countries is not entirely an inherent cause sometimes the activities of foreign and developed economies.For instance, the emergence of the European currency bloc has aided in rendering the exchange rate more volatile in developing countries. This according to Collingnon (1999) cited in Kawai & Takagi (2003) â€Å"has made exchange rates between the three major world currencies more volatile and thereby contributed to the reduction of cross-border investment worldwide†. The economic structures in developing countries in term of its embryonic and underdeveloped financial institutions are contributory factors that are making them have an unstable and unpredictable monetary exchange policy.The explanation for the long run inflationary trend in developing nations, according to the Structuralists, is in terms of certain structural rigidities. These include market imperfections and social tensions in those nations, including the relative inelasticity of the food supply, foreign-exchange constraints, protective measures, a rise in the demand for food, a fall in export earnings, hoarding, import substitution, industrialization, and political instability, inter-alia† (Ghatak 1995).The devaluation of currency of developing country is done with the aim to create a real basis for measuring feasible and accurate exchange rate between imports and exports of transactions in the international market. However, â€Å"the usefulness of real devaluation in stimulating growth may seem self-evident; this view is not uniformly supported either by prior theoretical research or by the experience of countries implementing exchang e rate devaluations† (Kamin & Rogers 1997). Devaluation of currency of developing countries have it untold hardship and high cost for goods and services.Looking at the devaluation of the Nigerian currency, Anyanwu (1992) argues, â€Å"†¦the continued naira depreciation has encouraged the smuggling out of goods (especially food stuffs) leading to local scarcity and higher prices. It has also encouraged a brain drain, partly in an attempt to reap the benefits of naira depreciation, the remittances from which are mainly used for consumption activities, again aggravating local prices†. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF A FIXED EXCHANGE RATE FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIESIn recent times, some scholars have conducted research to analysis the use of a fixed exchange rate as basis for structuring the exchange rate regime in developing countries. â€Å"Probity analysis is used to study the determinants of exchange rate regime, build their empirical models around a framework in which the polit ical cost associated with devaluation under fixed exchange rates plays a major role† (Frieden et al 2000). In a fixed exchange rate regime, the government of the developing country directly set the nominal exchange rate.Given the constraints and undeveloped financial institutions in developing countries, the practice of a fixed monetary exchange rate for developing countries is made difficult. The advantage of engaging a fixed exchange rate is to help stabilize a country’s economy. This is aimed at bringing structural change that would integrate the country’s economy into the world economy order in the quickest time possible. This has made currency board of most developing countries to take the move of attaining a fixed exchange rate as a priority that should be attain (Mart, 2004).Before the fall of the Bretton Woods system in 1973, many countries including many Latin American developing countries had adopted a fixed exchange rate regime. The reason for adopting this exchange rate regime measure is to control inflation, reduce exchange rate volatility or to improve competitiveness (Frieden et al 2000). In addition a fixed exchange rate regime tend to enable government of developing countries be disciplined in that they cannot fix any fiscal rate that would be excessive to cause the end or currency collapse.Fixed exchange rate sometimes is used as a short term corrective to harness a developing country’s monetary policy and help it gain credibility. For some developing countries like Poland, Mexico and Vietnam in the 1990s, the fixed exchange rate was utilized as a temporary measure to re-establish these countries policies to gain credibility (Ohno, 1998). Thus, a fixed exchange rate is acceptable in certain circumstances for developing countries, especially where there are unexpected real and financial shocks.However, this should not be permanently used as a measure for operating a developing countries monetary exchange. The flexibi lity exchange rate is more adequate for revamping the ailing and volatile exchange rate of developing countries. â€Å"In an unstable world economy, they must retain the ability to combine stability and flexibility as circumstances change. For the same reason, currency boards and permanently fixed exchange rates (with no escape clause) are not to be recommended† (ibid).In a galloping inflationary situation in a developing country, the exchange rate policy to adopt is a flexible one that allows currency to float and depreciate. After the tightening of the macroeconomic policies in such a country, it becomes useful to adopt a fixed exchange rate as a measure. As Ohno (1998) puts it, â€Å"As inflation subsides to a more manageable level (say, 10 to 20 percent per year), the fixed exchange rate becomes a symbol of monetary and fiscal prudence and its abandonment becomes politically too costly†.Invariably, it means that the utilization of a fixed exchange rate should come in when the inflationary rate of a developing country is becoming low and at a manageable level. Furthermore, the utilizing of a fixed exchange regime in developing country is significant in the sense that it provides stability of price to local economic agents. This is especially in the case where a country operates an open economy, in which exchange rate volatility may have substantial costs within itself (Frieden et al 2000). As earlier stated a country has the option either to choose a fixed monetary exchange rate or one that is flexible.For developing and emerging economies that want to choose a policy of a permanently fixed exchange rate this can be done through its currency board with it could adopt a common currency (‘Dollarisation’). On the other hand, developing countries can adopt a flexible policy, which according to Taylor (2000) is â€Å"†¦the only sound monetary policy is one based on the trinity of a flexible exchange rate, an inflation target, and a monetary policy rule†. However, the benefits and the cost implication of fixed exchange rates depend on the country and those variables and characteristics it is associated.For instance, a country with exceedingly high level of inflation with the urgently need to stabilize its economy will be beneficial to utilize a fixed exchange rate. â€Å"The higher the rate of inflation; i. e. one below some hyperinflationary threshold, the more a fixed rate will impose competitive pressures on tradable producers and more generally pressure on the balance of payments† (Frieden et al 2000). According to Collins (1995), a government of developing country should opt for a fixed exchange rate regime when it sense and anticipate a small misalignment cost from maintaining the existing peg.In addition, the need for government to adopt a fixed exchange rate is when she believes that discrete nominal exchange rate adjustments have only small political costs, when the government perceived her ability to manage a flexible exchange rate as low, or when the government attempt to stabilize a very high inflation. Third world countries usually are faced with political instability. During period of political instability, the adopting of fixed exchange rate by a developing country is more pronounced (Frieden et al 2000).The drawback associated with a fixed exchange regime for developing country is that an inflation differential between the pegging country and the anchor generates an appreciation of the real exchange rate, which in the absence of compensating productivity gains, hurts the tradable sector and might generate a balance of payments crisis (ibid) THE NEED TO ADOPT A FLEXIBLE EXCHANGE RATE FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES For a country adopting a flexible exchange rate, the government of such country has imperfect control over the nominal exchange rate in its monetary policy.In this case, â€Å"the actual exchange rate is influenced by some shocks both at home and abroad The greater the variance of these shocks the less control policy makers will have over the actual nominal exchange rate† (Collins, 1995). The right situation for a government of a developing state to adopt a flexible includes when it perceives and anticipate a large misalignment costs from maintaining a pegged rate, when the political costs to discrete nominal adjustments are high flexibility exchange rate is conducive in such situation.Furthermore, when the government believes her ability to manage a flexible rate was high, and when the government of the state is not planning to stabilize very high inflation (ibid). In the same vain Velasco (2000), argues, â€Å"If shocks to the goods markets are more prevalent than shocks to the money market, then a flexible exchange rate is preferable to a fixed rate for developing countries†.On the other hand, when every movement in the nominal exchange rate is quickly reflected in an upward adjustment in domestic prices, then the insulation provided by flexible exchange rates is nil and thus not expected to provide a satisfactory exchange rate regime (ibid). Under a flexible exchange rate, the change in relative price quickly takes place, unlike the situation in fixed exchange rate where it changes slowly. Thus, there is advantage for developing borrowing under a flexible exchange rate.A flexible exchange rate gives borrowers an incentive to hedge that may be absent under more rigid regimes† (Velasco 2000). With the advantage that accomplish flexible exchange rate, it is still expected that each developing countries should choose and adapt to its own exchange rate system with respect to common basket. â€Å"Whatever the formal arrangement that is adapted; be it a flexible exchange rate regime or a managed float, the important point is that each country in the region should stabilize the real effective exchange rate at normal times by targeting a common currency basket† (Kawai &Takagi 2003).The n eed for developing countries to adopt a flexible exchange rate is more on the volatile nature of the countries with weak financial institutions. The negative effect of exchange rate volatility for developing countries on trade is more obvious when compared to those of developed economies. Taking on comparison between the difference in exchange rate volatility between developing countries and developing countries, it is seen that work on Pakistan’s exports to Germany, Japan, and the United States for 1974-85 suggests that exports were significantly adversely affected by variability in nominal bilateral exchange rates.On the other hand, the effect of real exchange rate variability on the exports of Chile, Colombia, Peru, the Philippines, Thailand and Turkey have attained the clear evidence of generally considerably negative and substantial impact (ibid). Scholars have advocated more of flexible exchange rate for developing countries than a fixed one, however there are demerits associated with the use of flexible exchange rate. According to Collins (1995), â€Å"flexible exchange rates make it very difficult to alter domestic price and wage setting behavior so as to reduce inflation†.More flexible exchange rate regimes may result in higher equilibrium levels of inflation because they do not effectively discipline central bankers (ibid). CONCLUSION The monetary exchange rate of developing is characterized by a highly volatile and unstable exchange rate regime. Thus, it becomes difficult to adopt a fixed exchange rate regime, given the weak financial institutions in this category of countries. Furthermore, the embryonic state of capital market and other financial institutions in developing country further weakens the currency of these countries.Inflationary rate in developing countries are on the increase thus to stable the economy within shorter period, anticipating a short misalignment costs will be adequate for a government of a developing country to adopt a fixed exchange rate. On the hand to correct, a flexible exchange rate regime is suitable for a developing country in managing its economy currency stability over a longer period. The development of financial institutions and the consolidation of capital and money markets of developing country will aid them to embrace a feasible regime that would contribute to strengthen its currency value and ensure a vibrant economy.

Free Essays on Kozma And Clark Via Driscoll

Does Driscoll’s description of these learning environments lend support to Kozma’s viewpoint or does it support the views of Clark. Explain why you feel this way. Before settling down to compose my thoughts on this question, I reviewed a significant amount of information including what I had previously written on Clark and Kozma. I also visited the CSILE site and â€Å"The Adventures of Jasper Woodbury†. I also found Marcy Driscoll to be interesting but somewhat confusing in her theory. It certainly seemed that she reviewed the finer points of the Clark/Kozma debate and assumed the best of both to develop her theory. Thus, I found more comparison than contrast. I started out thinking that she was going to totally align with Kozma, but then, found that her press for â€Å"information processing† was also on the side of Clark who would have viewed the PC with â€Å"media† or a vehicle by which to deliver instruction. Kozma, however, had discounted Clark’s belief that instructional media are mere vehicles that deliver instruction. Kozma showed that media are an integral part of the instructional design process. I believe Driscoll, in this sense, concurs with Kozma. He focused on effective technologies that could be used to reach students, to help them â€Å"learn† and gain new knowledge. Driscoll would agree since she stated â€Å"the birth of computers after WW II provided a concrete way of thinking about learning and a consistent framework for interpreting early work on memory, perception and learning. Stimuli became inputs; behavior become outputs. And what happened in between was conceived of as information processing†. (Driscoll, 2000, p 75-76). Kozma and Driscoll both felt that technology could be an important and useful tool implemented in a proper, supportive learning environment. I thought the only points of reference Driscoll had with Clark, in my opinion, were that, since technology is not the most e... Free Essays on Kozma And Clark Via Driscoll Free Essays on Kozma And Clark Via Driscoll Does Driscoll’s description of these learning environments lend support to Kozma’s viewpoint or does it support the views of Clark. Explain why you feel this way. Before settling down to compose my thoughts on this question, I reviewed a significant amount of information including what I had previously written on Clark and Kozma. I also visited the CSILE site and â€Å"The Adventures of Jasper Woodbury†. I also found Marcy Driscoll to be interesting but somewhat confusing in her theory. It certainly seemed that she reviewed the finer points of the Clark/Kozma debate and assumed the best of both to develop her theory. Thus, I found more comparison than contrast. I started out thinking that she was going to totally align with Kozma, but then, found that her press for â€Å"information processing† was also on the side of Clark who would have viewed the PC with â€Å"media† or a vehicle by which to deliver instruction. Kozma, however, had discounted Clark’s belief that instructional media are mere vehicles that deliver instruction. Kozma showed that media are an integral part of the instructional design process. I believe Driscoll, in this sense, concurs with Kozma. He focused on effective technologies that could be used to reach students, to help them â€Å"learn† and gain new knowledge. Driscoll would agree since she stated â€Å"the birth of computers after WW II provided a concrete way of thinking about learning and a consistent framework for interpreting early work on memory, perception and learning. Stimuli became inputs; behavior become outputs. And what happened in between was conceived of as information processing†. (Driscoll, 2000, p 75-76). Kozma and Driscoll both felt that technology could be an important and useful tool implemented in a proper, supportive learning environment. I thought the only points of reference Driscoll had with Clark, in my opinion, were that, since technology is not the most e...

Corwin Corporation Analysis Essays

Corwin Corporation Analysis Essays Corwin Corporation Analysis Essay Corwin Corporation Analysis Essay Executive Summary The intent of this of papers is to analyse the factors that led to the Corwin’s undertaking failure. Corwin Corporation’s relationship with a good client. Peters Company was strained because of Corwin’s failure to follow their direction policies. A fixed-price contract was signed without proper hazard analysis. the was no grounds of a undertaking program and the state of affairs was made worse by the deficiency of support from direction. This study discusses the failures in undertaking choice. deficiency of executive support and communicating dislocation. all of which lead to the undertaking being terminated by the client. Introduction Corwin Corporation accepted a undertaking which was outside their range of work from Peters Company to develop a forte merchandise. They accepted the assignment based on a unsmooth bill of exchange and without analysing the hazards and therefore taking to the undertaking being subsequently terminated by Peters Company and endangering their long-standing good relationship with the client. The undertaking started before the contract was signed. Corwin’s failure could be attributed to a figure of mistakes that were made on accepting this assignment. A figure of of import factors like the direction policy. were wholly ignored. Corwin agreed on a fixed-price 5-year contract based on a unsmooth bill of exchange. no proper analysis was done and the range was ill-defined. This meant that Corwin would be responsible for any cost overproductions incurred. It is neer advisable to accept a fixed-price contract without finding the client’s demands and whether or non they are accompl ishable. Corwin failed to delegate the right individual to pull off the undertaking. An inexperient Undertaking Manager was tasked to take the undertaking and although one of the senior directors had uncertainties about the undertaking manager’s capablenesss to take such a undertaking. his concerns were ignored. Effort Corwin allowed an in-house representative direct entree to the lab which finally left the employees unhappy and disgruntled. The deficiency of direction support besides played a major function in the project’s failure. Management was covering with the issues raised by the undertaking director passively and hoped the situation would rectify itself . The demands were hapless and the agenda was unrealistic. Poor undertaking choice. deficiency of support from top direction. non-existent alteration direction control and communicating issues were identified as countries of concern within the Corwin Corporation. For the intent of the instance survey. the research worker will be discoursing how these undertaking direction principles/concepts. if followed decently could hold prevented Corwin from accepting this undertaking. CASE ANALYSIS 1. Undertaking Choice Undertaking Selection should non be perceived to be a boring and unneeded exercising but as an of import exercising that would be good for the client and the contractor. A figure of factors such as production consideration. selling consideration. fiscal consideration. forces consideration and disposal consideration. necessitate to be taken into consideration to guarantee that the undertaking is in line with the organisation’s strategic aims. 1. 1 Poor Project Selection Corwin established a direction policy that governed the undertaking choice procedure for the rating of forte merchandise petitions. ( Burke: 67 ) provinces that The choice of the right undertaking for future investing is a important determination for the long-run endurance of a company . Frimel’s failure to follow the direction put the company’s repute at hazard. Following the undertaking choice procedure aids companies in make up ones minding which undertakings to prosecute and which to allow travel. Most of the executives were off on holiday which means that the undertaking was non evaluated utilizing the company’s choice method and without the executives’ audience. It is of import to observe that during the rating procedure. persons with different with backgrounds and subject-matter expects should been involved to do an informed determination whether or non to take on Peters Company offer. In this instance. the major decision-makers were off on vacation. Peters Company came across as intimidation and endangering in their petitions therefore this might hold led to Corwin accepting the undertaking to salvage their concern relationship. This undertaking was outside Corwin’s range and should hold neer been accepted. It answered NO on the first standards of the direction policy therefore it wasn’t feasible. 1. 2 Proposal Preparation A proposal is a response papers to the RFP ( Request for Proposal ) . it includes a program of action. provinces why the action is necessary and persuades the client to O.K. the execution of the recommended action. The proposal should besides include a plausible direction program and proficient attack. To make victorious proposals. it is of import to hold resources with relevant accomplishments and expertness e. g. capable affair expects. to assist fix a quality proposal. Royce used inappropriate and unskilled resources to fix the proposal. He had reserves about choosing West ; despite his deficiency of experience in covering with external undertakings. as the Project Manager without Dr. Reddy’s ( R A ; D Manager ) input but he ignored his inherent aptitudes. The proposal readying was conducted by contracts adult male who was non familiar with fixed-price contracts. Royce was excessively optimistic in gauging the cost and didn’t include eventuality to cover unexpected state of affairss that may originate during the undertaking. ( Clements A ; Gido. 5th Edition: 69 ) provinces that if the estimated costs are excessively optimistic and some unexpected outgos arise. the contractor is likely to either lose money ( on a fixed-price contract ) or detest to endure the embarrassment of traveling back to the client to bespeak extra financess to cover cost overruns . Corwin’s concluding proposal to Peters was a proficient papers as it contained technology purpose and cost sum-ups which were besides non dece ntly done. This later in the undertaking resulted in range creeps which saw Corwin’s net income on the undertaking diminish. 1. 3 Contract Negotiation Fixed-price contracts are good to the client but non the contractor. Before subscribing this type of contract. the client should hold a elaborate range work from the client. There are hazards associated with this type of contract for contractors. i. e. the client is apt for any cost overproductions should the undertaking run beyond agenda. budget and clip. Agring to a fixed-price contract was besides one of the lending factors that led to the project’s failure. Although the net income borders sounded appealing on the phone during Delia and Frimel’s conversation. they looked different on paper. The disadvantages of such a contract for Corwin far outweighed the advantages for Peters Company. ( Clements A ; Gido. 5th Edition: 76 ) provinces that Fixed-price contracts are most appropriate for undertakings that are good defined and entail small risk . It is good pattern to get down working on a undertaking after the contract has been signed. Corwin worked first and signed s ubsequently. 1. 4 Risk Management Ignored Royce made a committedness to measure the hazards one time he got clasp of the specification sheets. Looking at the Cost Summary in the proposal. one can reason that he neer kept to his committedness since it didn’t even include the eventuality sum. Some degree of hazard planning should be done during the induction stage of the undertaking life rhythm to do certain. for illustration. that the contractor understands the hazards involved with command on a proposed project ( Clements A ; Gido. 5th Edition: 270 ) . Risk appraisal therefore is an of import facet of undertaking induction because it helps the contractors make better determinations. negotiate just contracts and create hazard extenuation methods. A good hazard appraisal takes into consideration anything that could travel incorrect with the undertaking and determines what it would be. Accepting a undertaking outside Corwin’s scope country of expertness was a hazard. naming an inexperient scientist from the R A ; D section was a hazard. holding to a fixed-price contract was a hazard and procurance of all stuffs was a hazard. Corwin resorted to put on the line antipathy. 1. 5 Project Kickoff Meeting West solicited support from other groups after directing the proposal to the client. This left his co-workers unhappy because of the deficiency of communicating about the undertaking aim. It is the undertaking manager’s responsibility to affect the undertaking squad at the early phases of the undertaking to clearly specify the undertaking aim. gather support from the sections affected by and involved in the undertaking and specify each member’s function and duty. The undertaking director spearheads development of a program to accomplish the undertaking aim. By affecting the undertaking squad ( Clements A ; Gido. 5th Edition: 303 ) in developing this program. the undertaking director ensures a more comprehensive program than he or she could develop alone . Project kickoff meetings provide a good platform for the undertaking director to present a presentation about the meeting and its importance to the organisation. Clear functions and duties of each undertaking squad member must be discussed. An apprehension of each member’s function in a squad reduces communicating issues and late deliverables. This will non merely assist him derive committedness from the squad but it will besides help in carry throughing the undertaking aim on clip. within budget and of the right quality. 1. 6 Change Management At the start of the undertaking. a alteration control system needs to be established to specify how alterations will be documented. approved and communicated ( Clements A ; Gido. 5th Edition: 320 ) . The undertaking director did non hold proper alteration control process in topographic point. The in-house representative made alterations to the range. which resulted in range weirdo. His alterations were non documented and communicated and were non within the budget. When he requested an extra five trials beyond the in agreement range. the undertaking director should hold evaluated the petition and provided Peters Company with a proposal sketching the costs to add the trials to the range. Uncontrolled alteration exposed Corwin to unneeded hazard. A alteration control procedure is important to the successful bringing of a undertaking and ensures that each alteration introduced to the undertaking environment is suitably defined. evaluated and approved. The undertaking director in this i nstance struggled to command alterations in the undertaking because he didn’t have proper procedure in topographic point and that he lacked project direction experience. 1 Lack of Management Support Top direction support is the most of import critical success factor for undertaking success. Many undertakings fail because they have merely inactive senior direction support. In mature administrations. executives act as undertaking patrons. In this instance. Royce ( VP of Engineering ) should hold been the undertaking patron. The function of a patron is to ensure that the right information from the contractor’s administration is making executives in the customer’s administration. that there is no filtering of information from the contractor to the client. and that person at the executive degree is doing certain that the customer’s money is being spent wisely ( Kerzner. 7th Edition: 475 ) . The undertaking failed to accomplish an enthusiastic blessing from the president. there was small hope of it being successful. Undertakings need some engagement by executive direction to apportion needful resources suitably to the undertakings. The executives set strategic end for organisation and uses undertakings to run into those ends. They need to supply counsel to undertaking directors that is in line with the organisation’s strategic aims and track the alliance of those aims to the undertaking objectives. Frimel. after originating the undertaking. distanced himself when he handed full duty over to Royce and went on holiday. Frimel had experience in these types of undertakings because his section was the determination shaper for the forte merchandises. He should hold acted as undertaking patron and supported Royce but alternatively. left him to neglect. During the first meeting in which the undertaking was discussed. Dr. Reddy ( R A ; D Manager ) expressed his dissatisfaction about the pick of undertaking director Royce had made. 2. 7 Organizational Structure and Culture The organisational civilization. manner. and construction influence how undertakings are performed ( PMBOK. 4th Edition: 27 ) . Corwin has maintained a functional organizational construction for more than 15 old ages. In functional constructions. undertaking directors do non full control over the undertaking squads. One of the disadvantages with this type of construction is the competition among functional sections. Corwin’s Marketing section made about all the determinations. undertaking directors for forte merchandises came out of selling. The Engineering section as stated in the instance survey. was considered simply as a support group . The Vice President for technology mentioned at some point that his ballot neer appeared to transport any delay. The morale was really low in some sections as they felt that they were non every bit valued as the other sections. Reddy did non give much support to the undertaking director and subsequently contradicted himself that the undertak ing director kept him in the dark . His indecent behavior can be attributed to the fact that the Vice President failed to mind his call about his reserves towards the pick of the PM therefore. he became so loath to help the PM. A healthy organisational civilization encourages answerability and personal duty. Denial. incrimination and excuses harden relationships and intensify struggles. 2 Poor Communication The president’s loath mandate was interpreted as the foreman gave his blessing . †¦ phone conversations allow the hearer to hear the tone. inflexion. velocity. volume and emotion of the voice ( Clements A ; Gido. 5th Edition: 371 ) . A loath voice sounds otherwise from an enthusiastic voice on the phone. The undertaking director failed to pass on seasonably to the executives about the representative’s interfering behavior. he thought he could manage it. The state of affairs spiraled out of control when the representatives started giving orders to the undertaking director about taking functional employees on the squad. Supplying the client with advancement studies often. maintain the client in the cringle and informed about the position of the undertaking. Communication accomplishments are one of the most of import accomplishments every undertaking director should possess. it really of import that the undertaking director communicates with the stakeholders and undertaking squad. The undertaking director should hold escalated jobs as they occurred and scheduled meetings to decide them. He should cognize what needs to be communicated to who and when. CONCLUSIONS Corwin Corporation failed to follow its ain direction policy. took on a undertaking. and neglected to use the proper direction rules. The executives were non portion of the contract acquisition and failed to develop and foster the undertaking director. The organisational civilization was such that all sections were equal but some were equal more than the others were. This resulted in people desiring to turn out themselves worthy by taking on large undertakings even though they lacked experience. The undertaking director was set intentionally set to neglect. the director knew his strength and failings but was unavailable to help until the last minute. Corwin did non hold a house regulations in topographic point with respects to in-house representatives. Corwin didn’t work the program and hence couldn’t program the work. Recommendation * Top direction demand to educate employees on the direction policy sing new undertakings. Functional directors need to take this thrust. * The Engineering section plays every bit much a function in determination devising as the Marketing and Manufacturing section. The R A ; D bring invention of the merchandises in the organisation and therefore should non be seen as a support group. * The undertaking manager’s errors were attributed to his deficiency of experience. The PM should go on to take little undertakings and the organisation must supply Project Management preparation for draw a bead oning undertaking directors within the company. * The staff’s morale is low at this point. direction needs to form team-building to hike assurance and Foster and fix relationships * Create cross functional squads to work as autonomous respond to specific directives Mentions James P. Clements A ; Jack Gido. 2007. Effective Project Management. 5th Edition. South-Western: Cengage Learning. Harold Kerzner. PHD. Undertaking Management: A Systems Approach to Planning. Scheduling. and Controlling. Seventh Edition. USA: John Wiley A ; Sons Inc. PMBOK ® Guide. 2008. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge. Fourth Edition. USA: Undertaking Management Institute.

Facts About Canadas Geography, History, and Politics

Facts About Canada's Geography, History, and Politics Canada is the worlds second largest country by area but its population, at slightly less than that of the state of California, is small by comparison. Canadas largest cities are Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, and Calgary. Even with its small population, Canada plays a large role in the worlds economy and is one of the largest trading partners of the United States. Quick Facts About Canada Population: 37.2 million (2018 estimate)Capital: Ottawa, OntarioArea: 3,855,085 square miles (9,984,670 sq km)Bordering Country: The United StatesCoastline: 125,567 miles (202,080 km) History of Canada The first people to live in Canada were the Inuit and First Nation Peoples. The first Europeans to reach the country were likely the Vikings and it is believed that Norse explorer Leif Eriksson led them to the coast of Labrador or Nova Scotia in 1000 CE. European settlement did not begin in Canada until the 1500s. In 1534, French explorer Jacques Cartier discovered the St. Lawrence River while searching for fur and shortly thereafter, he claimed Canada for France. The French began to settle there in 1541 but an official settlement was not established until 1604. That settlement, called Port Royal, was located in what is now Nova Scotia. In addition to the French, the English also began exploring Canada for its fur and fish trade and in 1670 established the Hudsons Bay Company. In 1713, a conflict developed between the English and French and the English won control of Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Hudson Bay. The Seven Year’s War, in which England sought to gain more control of the country, then began in 1756. That war ended in 1763 and England was given full control of  Canada with the Treaty of Paris. In the years after the Treaty of Paris, English colonists flocked to Canada from England and the United States. In 1849, Canada was given the right to self-government and the country of Canada was officially established in 1867. It was comprised of Upper Canada (the area that became Ontario), Lower Canada (the area that became Quebec), Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. In 1869, Canada continued to grow when  it bought land from the Hudson’s Bay Company. This land was later divided into different provinces, one of which was Manitoba. It joined  Canada in 1870 followed by British Columbia in 1871 and Prince Edward Island in 1873. The country then grew again in 1901 when Alberta and Saskatchewan joined Canada. It remained this size until 1949 when Newfoundland became the tenth province. Languages in Canada Because of the long history of conflict between the English and French in Canada, a division between the two still exists in the country’s languages today. In Quebec the official language at the provincial level is French and there have been several Francophone initiatives to ensure that the language remains prominent there. In addition, there have been numerous initiatives for secession. The most recent was in 1995 but it failed by a margin of 50.6 to 49.4. There are also some French-speaking communities in other portions of Canada, mostly on the east coast, but the majority of the rest of the country speaks English. At the federal level, however, the country is officially bilingual. Canadas Government Canada is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy and federation. It has three branches of government. The first is the executive, which consists of the head of state, who is represented by a governor general, and the prime minister, who is considered the head of government. The second branch is the legislative, a bicameral parliament consisting of the Senate and House of Commons. The third branch is made up of the Supreme Court. Industry and Land Use in Canada Canada’s industry and land use vary based on region. The eastern portion of the country is the most industrialized but Vancouver, British Columbia, a major seaport, and Calgary, Alberta are some western cities that are highly industrialized as well. Alberta also produces 75 percent of Canada’s oil and is important for coal and natural gas. Canada’s resources include nickel (mainly from Ontario), zinc, potash, uranium, sulfur, asbestos, aluminum, and copper. Hydroelectric power and pulp and paper industries are also important. In addition, agriculture and ranching play a significant role in the Prairie Provinces (Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba) and several parts of the rest of the country. Canadas Geography and Climate Much of Canadas topography consists of gently rolling hills with rock outcrops because the Canadian Shield, an ancient region with some of the worlds oldest known rocks, covers almost half of the country. The southern portions of the Shield are covered with boreal forests while the northern parts are tundra because it is too far north for trees. To the west of the Canadian Shield are the central plains, or prairies. The southern plains are mostly grass and the north is forested. This area is also dotted with hundreds of lakes because of depressions in the land caused by the last glaciation. Farther west is the rugged Canadian Cordillera stretching from the Yukon Territory into British Columbia and Alberta. Canadas climate varies with location but the country is classified as being temperate in the south to arctic in the north. Winters, however, are normally long and harsh in most of the country. More Facts About Canada Nearly 90 percent of Canadians live within 99 miles of the U.S. border (because of harsh weather and the expense of building on permafrost  in the north).The Trans-Canada Highway is the longest national highway in the world at 4,725 miles (7,604 km). Which U.S. States Border Canada? The United States is the only country that borders Canada. The majority of Canadas southern border runs straight along the 49th parallel (49 degrees north latitude), while the border along and east of the Great Lakes is jagged. 13 U.S. states share a border with Canada: AlaskaIdahoMaineMichiganMinnesotaMontanaNew HampshireNew YorkNorth DakotaOhioPennsylvaniaVermontWashington Sources The World Factbook: Canada. Central Intelligence Agency. 21 April 2010.â€Å"Canada.†Ã‚  Infoplease.Statistics Canada. â€Å"Canadas Population Estimates, Third Quarter 2018.† 20 Dec. 2018.â€Å"Canada.†Ã‚  U.S. Department of State. Feb. 2010

Parphrase for TARIQ PART 1 AND PART 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Parphrase for TARIQ PART 1 AND PART 2 - Essay Example This implies that the pin will not generate more than 200mA. Pin 6 – is chip’s threshold pin. The function of this pin is to determine rail voltage’s two thirds so that a LOW state output can be achieved only when Pin 2 is in the HIGH state. The impedance of Pin 6 is quite high so that it triggers at nearly 1uA. A 555 timer based oscillator can be defined as a circuit which gives waveforms running highly and clear free. It is possible to adjust these waveforms’ output frequency by making a connection between an RC circuit, one capacitor, and two resistors. This circuit is a general relaxation oscillator’s type that gives out stable square waveforms. The frequency of these waveforms is fixed at nearly 500 kHz. It may have duty cycles anywhere between 50 and 100%. This oscillator circuit consists of a re-triggering mechanism that is made by interfacing the trigger input Pin 2 and Pin 6 that is threshold voltage. This is unlike the monostable circuit which terminates after elapse of the pre-set time. As a result, the device becomes a stable oscillator circuit. Pin 2 and Pin 6 are interconnected in the above oscillator circuit. This results in the development of a self-triggering mechanism in the circuit in every operation cycle so that the operation of the circuit becomes a free running oscillator. Another name for this circuit is voltage-to-frequency converter because it is possible to change its output frequency by changing the applied input voltage. Pin 5 is generally the pin of voltage control. The primary function of Pin 5 is trigger control and control of the threshold levels. The voltage across Pin 5 is generally Vcc’s two-third because of the existence of a voltage divider that is internally built. Upon the application of an external voltage to this terminal, it is possible to change the control voltage. The timing capacitor is the voltage across the

International operation and risk management of ICAP plc Essay

International operation and risk management of ICAP plc - Essay Example The company is a public limited company and is listed on the London Stock Exchange. The company was founded in the year 1986 and has more than 5000 employees who provide the risk services in the company. The company focuses mainly on the key principles of leadership, Integrity, entrepreneurship as well as respect for control. Performance - Financial Trend A ratio analysis has been conducted for ICAP in order to understand the financial performance of the company. Ratio Analysis       2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 Liquidity Ratios Current Ratio 1.026 1.004 1.003 1.002 0.999       2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 Cash Ratio 0.089 0.017 0.016 0.025 0.014                Profitability Ratio Gross Profit Margin 0.990 0.989 0.984 0.765 -       2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 Operating Profit Margin 0.145 0.160 0.163 0.176 0.191       2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 Net profit Margin 0.030 0.083 0.109 0.074 0.117 Leverage Ratio Debt Ratio 0.939 0.985 0.984 0.981 0.966       2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 Debt Equity Ratio 15.31 66.19 60.37 48.89 28.68                Profitabilty Indicator Ratio Return on Assets 0.09% 0.17% 0.49% 0.24% 0.55%       2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 Return on Capital Employed 0.41% 0.33% 0.40% 0.58% 1.78% Liquidity The current ratio of the company has increased by 22% over the last one year from 1.004 in 2012 to 1.026 in the financial year 2013. The inventory of the company for all the years is equal to zero. This means that for ICAP the current ratio and the quick ratio are the same (Atrill and Mclaney, 2008, pp. 142-178). The increase in the current ratio means that the company has efficient cash management and that the company can meet its short term debt obligations quite comfortably (Kieso, Weygandt and Warfield, 2007, p. 738). Thus ICAP has sound liquidity position. Profitability The profitability levels of the company can be estimated from the profitability ratios as shown in the table above. The gross profit margin for the compa ny has increasing steadily from 2011 to 2012 and then from 2012to 2013. The gross profit margin for the year 2013 is 0.939 which means that the company has been able to use the different resources that it has in the most appropriate way (Williams, Haka, Bettner and Carcello, 2008, p. 266). Source: ICAP 2013, p. 03 The operating profit margin for the company fell almost more than one percent in the year 2013. Thus it shows that the company has not been able to achieve economies of scale for the last one year but the steady figure over the years reflects the efficiency of the company in maintaining the scale of operations (Gallagher, 2003, pp. 94–95). The different compositions of the operating profit of ICAP as per the different businesses have been shown in the dough nut chart as above. This means that most of the operations of the company are equally prosperous and has been able to achieve the desired scale of operations for the long term (Weston and Brigham, 1990, p. 295). The return on assets for the company is 0.09% in 2013 as compared to 0.017% in 2012 and 0.27% in 2011. Looking at the steady level of net income of the company it shows that the company has increased its assets over the phase of 3 years which has resulted in a declining ROA (Tracy, 2004, p. 173).

Discussion Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 29

Discussion Questions - Essay Example Magellan was able to discover Pacific territories with the King’s blessings and directives to share their dogmas. Similarly, Columbus was able to prove that there is more beyond the horizon when he landed on the Americas. One of the first changes he caused was on the beliefs of the natives. Furthermore, a lot of wars were politically explained to be inspired by religious campaigns. Monarchies such as the Roman Empire apparently sought to spread Christianity that is why almost all of Europe was conquered. One of the strongest human needs is to have a connection with a Supreme Being. Since time in memorial, this basic desire has triggered intense emotions and powered significant movements. Hence, religion has brought about unity as well as conflict among peoples. There has been an evident link between Government Issue (GI) and agricultural talks among countries. For instance, in Europe a powerful GI protection has been unswerving for years. It has been regarded as an essential protection in exporting and importing agricultural products. This action has been caused by overdue transatlantic conflicts regarding domestic issues and tariffs. One of the earliest disagreements between the United States and Europe happened in the late 19th century. It was particularly an issue between France and America. There was an influx of American produce (specifically grain) in French territory. This negatively affected the European economy. The divergences have been influenced by agricultural production schemes and globalization trends. Concerning world conflicts, it is common knowledge that a country will engage in war to propagate its resources. Agriculture has always been a strong source of income and sustenance. This field’s status can either cause people to thrive or die due to malnutrition. A number of imperialistic conquests were done to acquire farm lands. In addition, prisoners of war and/or slaves were used as free or cheap labor

Prescription, Nonprescription, and Herbal Medication Research Paper

Prescription, Nonprescription, and Herbal Medication - Research Paper Example As the essay declares the aging process is defined by numerous impairments of several regulatory processes that play a critical role in cells and organs. In addition, other physiological changes are evident in advanced age, and have the capacity to affect the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs. The geriatric population exhibits cardiac dysfunctions. The relaxation and contraction of heart muscles change remarkably a one ages. Blood flow becomes slower, a factor that may affect drug distribution. In addition, aging brings about the reduction of renal mass. Fewer nephrons define the reduction of renal mass. According to the research findings there is a notable delay in the kidney functions, a factor that affects the elimination of drugs. The gastrointestinal system is also affected by aging because elderly people have lower rates of hydrochloric acid and pepsin. Research has highlighted that aging may contribute to potential changes in the enzyme secreting cells or hormonal glands a factor that minimizes the efficiency of the gastrointestinal system. In the small intestines, absorption of some substances reduces with age, while in the colon, the transit time may prove to be slower. Other digestive enzymes such as lipase and trypsin usually decrease as one age. The liver is a critical organ in the metabolism of drugs. With advancing age comes a remarkable reduction in the liver blood flow. In other cases, the liver structure may change over time while enzymes may cease to function effectively.

Murder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Murder - Essay Example The novel starts with him dispatching a priest who had killed orphaned children. He is aware of his being inhuman, but he has grown in himself qualities which is human-like to conceal who and what he truly is. He can be very charming but there is no sincerity behind it. Dexter cannot control his desire; when the full moon is out, he is compelled by his passion to kill, urged by a hidden force he calls his Dark Passenger. He takes pleasure in his killings, obtaining delight from a perfectly executed murder, gradually filleting his victims when they are still breathing, no traces of blood after, but he leaves one drop of blood from his victims in order for him to feel again the excitement of the murder He is one of the most likable vigilante serial killers, deals with his eventual opponent, a frightening evil which scares away Dexter's inner monster, and almost weakens his sense of humor. His job as Miami crime scene investigator, Dexter is familiarized with observing evil acts specifically in some instances, wherein he is more willing to commit them himself. He was A horrible double homicide at a university campus changes everything for Dexter as he is called to the crime scene wherein Dexter should usually investigate with delight. But this crime scene, wherein two co-eds were burned ceremonially and beheaded, gives even the human vivisection, mysteriously vanishes the voice of the Dark Passenger inside Dexter's head. The burned and beheaded corpse count persists to increase, and Dexter recognizes that the power behind the killings is incredibly even more evil than his Dark Passenger. Dexter Dark Passenger senses something familiar, something absolutely frightening, and the Passenger, the mastermind of Dexter's homicidal ability, instantly disappear. Similarly disturbing, Dexter starts to understand that a touch of a very dark force is reaching out to him. (Lindsay 2004) Matt Fowler kills for revenge, as he suffers tremendously because of his son's, Frank, murder. The victim's murder was so distressing to his parents that Matt's heart was dying to kill his son's killer, Richard Strout. The endless imagination of Frank's murder destroyed Matt and his wife Ruth, until they carried out their vengeance on Strout and comforted their emotions. At the same time, the crime also reflects through the mind of Matt Fowler, how Strout loved ones would die inside by his murder. In this particular spot, it is portrayed that the emotions of families died on the deaths of their loved ones. At the back of Matt's mind, he presumes that Strout will only serve some years in prison and be given probation and he does not agree that he can deal with it if that will happen. Ruth suffers the idea of seeing Strout all over places and can not face the truth that Strout is out on bail after murdering her son Frank. Matt then was overpowered with the killing of his son and chooses to take action. Matt, from his own perspective, has no other option but to kill as his wife 3 is emotionally manipulating him into taking drastic action and in their mind, they will never achieve peace unless they take a desperate act of closure. Richard murders