In what way did post war prosperity bring social change to Britain 1951-1964?

?In what way did post war prosperity bring social change to Britain 1951-1964? Britain as a country in the year 1951 stood as a country widely effected by the Second World War and the country reflected visible damage which the war had caused. Many young men were on the National Service, rationing was only just coming to an end and also social life in Britain felt like it was in the past.However some felt that the year 1951 was a year of change, they felt as if they were on the way to a new modern world which presented technological and social progress, Children who were born during the â€Å"baby boom† were born into a different society to which their parents grew up in. Leading up to the year 1964 there were many social tensions, changes in attitudes and significant shifts i population which can identify how Britain’s society had changed dramatically.After 1951 you could say Britain experienced a â€Å"demographic change† . Birth rates ran consistently against d eath rates, an explanation for this could be the advances in medical treatments which improved under the influence of the welfare state this then led to an increase standard of nutrition and hygiene.Another factor which could contribute to the demographic change was the increase of inward migration , in the year 1948 around 250,000 immigrants arrived in Britain from the West Indies Particularly those from the common wealth had become a vital part of British society, and in the process, transformed important aspects of British life although it eventually led to overpopulation, and immigration caused racial tension and segregation for example the Nottingham riots.Britain encouraged immigrants to come to the â€Å"mother land† to help recover from the ravages of war however this caused racial tension between the immigrants and the British, the tension was more apparent as the lack of housing became a problem as did the competition for jobs. The increase of immigrants led to less scopes for jobs as did the fact people were living longer due to the up and running free service of the NHS which many felt immigrants didn’t deserve. Many British people that had a skill in a specific trade were forced to take up trades that required no skill at all which angered them .Due to immigration, discrimination in jobs was open, for example shop keepers put a sign up saying what kind of workers they were looking for, and this gave many British people the advantage of the immigrants as a confidence trick to govern the country due to being imperial. Excluded from much of the social and economic life the immigrants began to adjust the institutions they had brought with them, for example their churches and the fact they had a British education which meant that the government gave them the right to follow their own traditions and reduced the challenges of schooling.However this also increased segregation between the immigrants and those who opposed, conflict and discrim ination was very common, it became easier to recognise people’s origins and social background from their dress scene and accents. The government weren’t prepared for the reaction of the public immigration would cause regarding the unhappiness of being restricted in the job market, they then introduced the immigration act which stopped immigrant wanting to come into the country although if left the ones already in Britain feeling very isolated and betrayed which sparked their rebellion.The conservative government had traditional views upon empire and they were objective to change which socially changed the views of the public and changed the country into a closed racist country portraying how uneducated Britain was at the time and how post war prosperity wasn’t the only thing that sculpted social change in Britain . On the other hand there was also a strong amount of outward migration. Australia was appealing to British citizens as it had many jobs and a good amo unt of housing available.Affluence began to become more apparent in every class, which meant people were becoming a lot wealthier due to the rise in wages. However this lead to competition regarding jobs and housing and even schooling due to people having more money to spend. This created a more distinctive overview between classes meaning that people could recognise immediately what class you belonged to and what your origins and social background was. The class spilt became more evident throughout the schooling system.Schooling during 1951-64 was a major social problem due to the psychological strain on pupils had to pass their 11+ in order to achieve a better education by their parents as they wanted to avoid the social shame. The technical and grammar schools only took the most capable students which left the working class children with very basic education as they couldn’t afford any private tuition and often weren’t capable at the age of 11 to enter the grammar s chools although after a few years they were ready to undergo more strenuous studying but by this time it was too late.The natural progression was from the most private boarding schools, to the most prestigious colleges at Oxford or Cambridge and thence into positions of power and influence this in turn led to the working class feeling discriminated. Eden for example went to Eton and Oxford and found himself in the prime ministers position. It was easy by this time to distinguish people’s class and social background from their dress sense and their accents, which demonstrates the growing social tensions including immigration and violence.Post war prosperity brought along social change in education due to the shift in attitude and the ideal that the government wanted to compete with other countries. The government wanted the best education for the new generation so they can go into better jobs in order to boost the economy in the future. But during the conservative government t here wasn’t any change regrinding the removal of social tension until Labour secured dominance in 1964 issuing the Education Act which introduced middle schools (which eliminated the 11+).The media influenced views on society that escalated tension and competition between classes, the class system split became more distinctive because of this. This was seen throughout various films such as ‘Saturday night’ and ‘Sunday Morning’, big hit in the 1960’s, it portrayed the alienation of young working class males. The influence of the media led to segregation as many films portrayed the racial tension, for example the theme of the film Sapphire (1959).The media opened the way for a more individualist and less conformist society, for example the Profumo affair– the girl on the wrong side of the tracks. This resulted in people, especially the younger generation, becoming less willing to follow the lead set by the British ‘establishmentâ₠¬â„¢. The newspapers also influenced the things that people began to believe in, they exaggerated stories and made things out to be worse than they actually were which resulted in the society building their views on lies causing tension between classes and even new â€Å"trend† groups like the Teddy Boys.Due to the more rebellious attitudes there was a sharp increase of crime rates and violence due to the development of a more liberal attitude obtained by youths. Examples of the increase in crime can be seen via the Mods and Rockers who used the influence of music to give them a drive into developing a liberal attitude and their views sometimes sparked violence with other groups seen through the Bristol brawl. Gang violence was chillingly portrayed in Antony Burgess’s 1962 novel, ‘A Clockwork orange’.However, the war brought opportunities to allow society to modernise in terms of attitude and social change although it was mainly due to the loss of dominanc e from the government. The governments weaknesses were exposed via the media, the television portrayed satire, which led many people to gain a more liberal attitudes, which demonstrates that it wasn’t just post war prosperity that brought social change to Britain. In what way did post war prosperity bring social change to Britain 1951-1964? In what way did post war prosperity bring social change to Britain 1951-1964? Britain as a country in the year 1951 stood as a country widely effected by the Second World War and the country reflected visible damage which the war had caused. Many young men were on the National Service, rationing was only just coming to an end and also social life in Britain felt like it was in the past.However some felt that the year 1951 was a year of change, they felt as if they were on the way to a new modern world which presented technological and social progress, Children who were born during the â€Å"baby boom† were born into a different society to which their parents grew up in. Leading up to the year 1964 there were many social tensions, changes in attitudes and significant shifts i population which can identify how Britain’s society had changed dramatically.After 1951 you could say Britain experienced a â€Å"demographic change† . Birth rates ran consistently against de ath rates, an explanation for this could be the advances in medical treatments which improved under the influence of the welfare state this then led to an increase standard of nutrition and hygiene.Another factor which could contribute to the demographic change was the increase of inward migration , in the year 1948 around 250,000 immigrants arrived in Britain from the West Indies Particularly those from the common wealth had become a vital part of British society, and in the process, transformed important aspects of British life although it eventually led to overpopulation, and immigration caused racial tension and segregation for example the Nottingham riots.Britain encouraged immigrants to come to the â€Å"mother land† to help recover from the ravages of war however this caused racial tension between the immigrants and the British, the tension was more apparent as the lack of housing became a problem as did the competition for jobs. The increase of immigrants led to less scopes for jobs as did the fact people were living longer due to the up and running free service of the NHS which many felt immigrants didn’t deserve. Many British people that had a skill in a specific trade were forced to take up trades that required no skill at all which angered them.Due to immigration, discrimination in jobs was open, for example shop keepers put a sign up saying what kind of workers they were looking for, and this gave many British people the advantage of the immigrants as a confidence trick to govern the country due to being imperial. Excluded from much of the social and economic life the immigrants began to adjust the institutions they had brought with them, for example their churches and the fact they had a British education which meant that the government gave them the right to follow their own traditions and reduced the challenges of schooling.However this also increased segregation between the immigrants and those who opposed, conflict and discrimin ation was very common, it became easier to recognise people’s origins and social background from their dress scene and accents. The government weren’t prepared for the reaction of the public immigration would cause regarding the unhappiness of being restricted in the job market, they then introduced the immigration act which stopped immigrant wanting to come into the country although if left the ones already in Britain feeling very isolated and betrayed which sparked their rebellion.The conservative government had traditional views upon empire and they were objective to change which socially changed the views of the public and changed the country into a closed racist country portraying how uneducated Britain was at the time and how post war prosperity wasn’t the only thing that sculpted social change in Britain . On the other hand there was also a strong amount of outward migration. Australia was appealing to British citizens as it had many jobs and a good amoun t of housing available.Affluence began to become more apparent in every class, which meant people were becoming a lot wealthier due to the rise in wages. However this lead to competition regarding jobs and housing and even schooling due to people having more money to spend. This created a more distinctive overview between classes meaning that people could recognise immediately what class you belonged to and what your origins and social background was. The class spilt became more evident throughout the schooling system.Schooling during 1951-64 was a major social problem due to the psychological strain on pupils had to pass their 11+ in order to achieve a better education by their parents as they wanted to avoid the social shame. The technical and grammar schools only took the most capable students which left the working class children with very basic education as they couldn’t afford any private tuition and often weren’t capable at the age of 11 to enter the grammar sch ools although after a few years they were ready to undergo more strenuous studying but by this time it was too late.The natural progression was from the most private boarding schools, to the most prestigious colleges at Oxford or Cambridge and thence into positions of power and influence this in turn led to the working class feeling discriminated. Eden for example went to Eton and Oxford and found himself in the prime ministers position. It was easy by this time to distinguish people’s class and social background from their dress sense and their accents, which demonstrates the growing social tensions including immigration and violence.Post war prosperity brought along social change in education due to the shift in attitude and the ideal that the government wanted to compete with other countries. The government wanted the best education for the new generation so they can go into better jobs in order to boost the economy in the future. But during the conservative government the re wasn’t any change regrinding the removal of social tension until Labour secured dominance in 1964 issuing the Education Act which introduced middle schools (which eliminated the 11+).The media influenced views on society that escalated tension and competition between classes, the class system split became more distinctive because of this. This was seen throughout various films such as ‘Saturday night’ and ‘Sunday Morning’, big hit in the 1960’s, it portrayed the alienation of young working class males. The influence of the media led to segregation as many films portrayed the racial tension, for example the theme of the film Sapphire (1959).The media opened the way for a more individualist and less conformist society, for example the Profumo affair– the girl on the wrong side of the tracks. This resulted in people, especially the younger generation, becoming less willing to follow the lead set by the British ‘establishmentâ€⠄¢. The newspapers also influenced the things that people began to believe in, they exaggerated stories and made things out to be worse than they actually were which resulted in the society building their views on lies causing tension between classes and even new â€Å"trend† groups like the Teddy Boys.Due to the more rebellious attitudes there was a sharp increase of crime rates and violence due to the development of a more liberal attitude obtained by youths. Examples of the increase in crime can be seen via the Mods and Rockers who used the influence of music to give them a drive into developing a liberal attitude and their views sometimes sparked violence with other groups seen through the Bristol brawl. Gang violence was chillingly portrayed in Antony Burgess’s 1962 novel, ‘A Clockwork orange’.However, the war brought opportunities to allow society to modernise in terms of attitude and social change although it was mainly due to the loss of dominance from the government. The governments weaknesses were exposed via the media, the television portrayed satire, which led many people to gain a more liberal attitudes, which demonstrates that it wasn’t just post war prosperity that brought social change to Britain.

The Constellation Orion

Orion has been recognized as distinct group of stars for thousands of years. The Chaldeans knew it as Tammuz, named after the month that the familiar belt of stars first rose before sunrise. The Syrians called it Al Jabbar, the Giant. To the ancient Egyptians it was Sahu, the soul of Osiris. However in Greek mythology, Orion was a beautiful giant hunter. There are many legends about Orion and several variations about his death and why he was placed in the stars.One story tells of his boast that he would eventually rid the earth of all its wild animals. When the Earth goddess Gea heard of this she became upset and sent a Giant Scorpion to sting him to death. Now even after death that scorpion chases him around the sky. If you notice scorpio and Orion are never in the sky together. Another story says that Artemis the goddess of hunting fell in love with Orion. And when Orion was swimming Artemis was speaking to her brother Apollo.He bet her that she could not shoot a dot on the distanc e. She hit the target right on but had been tricked. She had shoot Orion. She put her love, Orion in the sky. And yet another tells how Orion raped Artemis. And she took her revenge upon him, when she shot him. Now seeing as there are several variations of his death you would have to choose which one you like best and go with it. There are two stars that are well know in the constalation of Orion. The first one is know as Betelgeuse, also called Alpha Orinis.It is one of the brightest stars in the constelation of Orion. It is an irregular because it changes brightness and size but has no regular periods of veration. It is classified as a red supergiant and it is 600 times the size of the sun. The other star to be Mentioned is Rigel also known as Beta Orionis. It is the Brightest star in the constelation and the seventh brightest star in the heavens. The Location of both stars can be seen on the picture of Orion.

Optimizing Pilot Planning and Training for Continental Airlines

Optimizing Pilot Planning and Training for Continental Airlines Summary Continental Airlines is the fifth largest airline based on passenger volume in United States. It provides over 1,100 daily flight services to five continents. Effective manpower planning is a key component for the success of Continental Airlines. It is essential for Airline Company to adjust its need for pilots constantly in different position in response to new market opportunities, changing passenger demand, acquisition and retirement of aircraft and training resources and evolving economic conditions.Therefore, the company collected information from several separate database systems and built the training plans by using spreadsheet. However, this development method was time consuming and complicated and the database used was not capable for training plan as it was used for more 10 years. In order for solving the complicated, large-scale pilot planning and training program and increasing the competitive advanta ge in air transportation market, Continental Airlines replaced the old database system and spreadsheets by the Crew Resource-Solver integrated decision-support system.It includes four main modules to handle staffing, vacation, planning and training. The staff-administration module and vacation-administration module maintain crew records including all current and past assignments, absences and training while the planning-optimization module and training optimization module provides information of pilot-planning and training functions (Yu, Pachon, Thengvall, Chandler and Wilson 2004). Generally, Continental Airlines uses system bid award to determine the needs of staff changing to different positions and handle the pilots’ requests to change positions.It mainly uses seniority-based rules for decision making. In an average system bid award, 15 to 20 percent of the airline’s pilots receive new positions. As long with system bid award, the Crew Resource-Solver system can bu ild the training program that establishes the timing of training, advancements, releases, and new pilot hires. The Crew Resource-Solver system includes two phase to solve the pilot training problem. The pilot-transitioning phase determines the timing of pilot transitions by using limited information about training capacities to restrict the number of pilots assigned to training.The training-class-scheduling phase produces the detailed training schedule taking as input the solution from the pilot transitioning phase. As a result, the training program contains a set of detailed training schedules including all training events for each student and each training resource. The training program must satisfy all the constraints set by Continental Airlines such as pilots training will not be assigned during their vacations and other scheduled absences. Planners are able to use system to customize the training plans by changing the objectives and options (Verbeek 1991).Analysis The main obje ctives of the Crew Resource-Solver system are: 1. The improvement of the efficiency of the training programs 2. The forecast of future airline pilots’ needs 3. The maximization of the cost savings There are a number of advantages in using the Crew-Resource Solver system. First, the system improves the airline’s processes by enhancing information sharing within the organization and by simplifying system maintenance. Second, the system enhances data integrity by eliminating duplicate data storage and automating processes.Third, the system saves time compared to the old manual approach as it can produce a complete, optimized training plan that includes both the pilot transitions and the training class schedules within an hour (Yu et al 2004). Moreover, the system increases the flexibility of the training program as it is able to customize by adjusting objectives and setting options. The Crew-Resource Solver system provides an optimal set of components that can satisfy all training program requirements. However, there are several limitations to the Crew-Resource Solver system.First, the training program constraint is based on the traditional training plan which highlights the inherent weakness of any optimization model as it relies upon sound data for accurate outputs (Sarker 2008, p. 5). Second, the potential sources of savings vary depending on different system bids. It is the fact that a bid will have no cost components associated with those activities when it is no required on new hires and pilot releases. Third, even using the system, there is a trade-off between block-hour shortages and other costs on the training plans.Therefore, when block-hour shortages cost increases, the training cost will decrease, vice versa. It is unable to decrease both block-hour shortages cost and training costs together. Finally, the final decision of the training program is not automated and requires management to select the best option for each training program. R esult The Crew Resource-Solver system is an important investment of Continental Airlines to upgrade the management of manpower-planning needs by resource optimization and operation and financial performance improvement.Based on the evidence given in the article, the Crew-Resource Solver integrated decision-support system is a successful program for Continental Airlines to achieve its above objectives. First, there are three ways for the cost savings. Training classes’ schedules become more efficiently and the number of pilots sending to training decrease. Second, there is reduction in pay-protection costs as promoting pilots in new positions in seniority order.Third, it reduces payroll costs because the system can provide the optimized training plans which can use exiting pilots more efficiently and reduce the chances to hire new pilots. In fact, many recommendations derived from the Crew Resource-Solver integrated decision-support system have already been applied and have he lped Continental Airlines to save approximately $10 million each year. Second, the integrated system have focused process improvement and improved data integrity, and it is easier to maintain than the numerous legacy systems and spreadsheet application it replaced (Yu et al 2004).References Sarker, R & Newton, C 2008, Optimization Modelling: A Practical Approach, CRC Press, Florida. Verbeek, P. (1991) Decision support systems – An Application in strategic manpower planning of airline pilots. Eur. J. Oper. Res. (55)3, 368-381 Yu, G. , Pachon, J. , Thengvall, B. , Chandler, D. & Wilson, A. (2004) Optimizing Pilot Planning and Training for Continental Airlines. Interfaces, Vol. 34, No. 4, July-August, p. 253-264

Pebble Smart Watch Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Pebble Smart Watch - Research Paper Example The Pebble Smartwatch, in its latest campaign in Kickstarter, has been touted as the most funded project in the history of the site, generating close to $9 million in pre- orders during the first day of its funding campaign. Indeed, the campaign easily topped $14 million dollars a few days after the watch made its re-entry in the crowdfunding site. The massive popularity of the watch was evident in the way its first forays into crowdfunding in Kickstarter were also massively successful. This success allowed the firm behind it to launch itself into viability on nothing more than the success of this first crowdfunding initiative. Aside from the basic Pebble, which was launched earlier, the new crowdfunding initiative has the introduction of a new product variant, known as the Pebble Time Steel. This new model sells for $250 and has been well-subscribed. On the other hand, those massive numbers in sales translate to more modest number scales when it comes to ordered units, as the Pebble Time has been ordered by just 57,000 customers. To put this number into perspective, the launch of the new Apple watch product is expected to generate millions of units in sales, if not hundreds of millions. This tells us something of the target market of the watch presently, and of the way by which the evaluation of the marketing strategy and the marketing mix of the product range is to proceed (Murphy). The latest figures, meanwhile, put the total raised funds for the new watches at $20 million dollars and counting, making this latest Kickstarter foray a massive success (Weber and Babb). On the other hand, the overall levels of sales Pebble are encouraging at more than one million units at the end of 2014. To be sure, the initial distribution point of the Internet and Kickstarter had been complemented in 2013 by the entry of Pebble watches in Best Buy, but one can say that

Sappho of Lesbos Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sappho of Lesbos - Essay Example Sappho’s poetry exhibits an intense relationship with the Greek Goddess of Love Aphrodite. Indeed, Sappho was involved in a thiasos, a cult organized to worship the goddess Aphrodite with poems and songs. In the poems Sappho’s relationship with goddess can be seen at times to reflect intense devotion, and at other times Sappho implores the goddess to grant her wishes or end her torment. In a poem titled ‘To Aphrodite of the Flowers at Knossos’ Sappho calls for the goddess to leave Krete and come and join her. In the final stanza she refers to the goddess deferentially as â€Å"Queen Aphrodite† and asks her to exultantly â€Å"pour heavenly nectar into gold cups.† This poem demonstrates Sappho’s thematic concern with Aphrodite as a celestial entity to be adored. In ‘Hymn to Aphrodite’ Sappho envisions the goddess as an entity towards which she pleas for help with a reluctant lover. In this poem Aphrodite responds, â€Å"â⠂¬â„¢Whom,’ thou criest, "dost wish that sweet Persuasion / Now win over and lead to thy love, my Sappho?† Like many other poems, this one shows the relationship between the goddess and poet to be intimate and developed. Throughout Sappho’s poetic oeuvre we witness her conflicted relationship with the effects of romantic love. While a large amount of Sappho’s poetry concerns love, she characterizes it as equally emitting anguish and salvation. In a fragment titled ‘The Blast of Love’ she writes, â€Å"Like a mountain whirlwind / punishing the oak trees / love shattered my heart.† Fragments like this which lament the throes of love, can be contrasted with other work where she revels and languishes in the powerful emotion. In a fragment called ‘To Eros’ she writes simply, â€Å"You burn me† While direct and simple, the sentiment characterizes Sappho’s conflicted nature with love. Even a quick perusal of

Principles of Finance Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Principles of Finance Paper - Assignment Example Discussion The first principle discusses the competitive financial environment. This principle outlines four factors that affect the business environment. These are: the principle of self-interest behaviour, the principle of two-sided transactions, the signalling principle and the behavioural principle (Emery, Finnerty and Stowe, 2007). The principle of self-interest means that the company will always look out for its best interests. BP develops new and innovative technologies for oil exploration and drilling. This technology is used to further the company’s interests. New drilling techniques are not revealed to competing companies. The principle of two-sided transactions means that BP often cooperates with minor companies around the world in the provision of its services. These collaborations are mutually beneficial to both parties. The signalling principle explores the concept of a company’s decisions’ influence on the public. BP’s investment in research on renewable energy creates a positive impression on the public, making them more willing to invest in an environmentally-conscious company. The behavioural principle means that a company utilises market information to make rewarding investments. BP’s investments have grown to include alternative energy, shipping and treasury services. This is in addition to its wide variety of oil and gas investments. This wide portfolio caters to a wide range of market needs, cementing BP’s position as one of the largest companies in the world. The four principles of value are: The principle of valuable ideas, the principle of comparative advantage, the options principle and the principle of incremental benefits (Emery, Finnerty and Stowe, 2007). BP’s research and development department produces innovations in solar power, biofuel and wind power. These fresh and new ideas keep the company ahead of its competitors. Following the principle of comparative advantage, BP has estab lished a reputation as a success in its field. This public perception as a financial giant gives them an edge over their competitors. The company also gains incremental benefits when it invests millions in green energy and renewable energy. Though these amounts may seem a waste, the investments pay off in scientific discovery and public approval of the company’s efforts. BP also ensures it has a variety of business options to invest in, cushioning them against serious losses should one option fail (Benninga, 2008). The principles that emerge from observing financial transactions are: the principle of risk-return trade-off, the principle of diversification, the principle of market capital efficiency and the time-value-of-money principle (Emery, Finnerty and Stowe, 2007). Investing large amounts of money in ventures such as offshore drilling pays off with great dividends. Energy industries are a high-risk, high-return enterprise. BP also diversifies its investments in multiple securities, ensuring maximum returns. The capital market runs on an efficient system, with up-to –the minute coverage of stock prices. BP is registered on high-profile stock exchanges such as the London Stock Exchange (LSE) and the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). Updates on stock are relayed internationally

Industrialization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Industrialization - Essay Example This paper seeks to highlight industrialization in its entirety paying a closer look at the early and late industrialization. Further, the paper tries to compare the level of industrialization of countries such as the US, Germany, China, Japan, Soviet Union and the UK with special emphasis on the factors that could have brought these countries that far. The present industrial status is also looked at in terms of commerce, education and the general social welfare in these countries. Industrialization may be construed to refer to the process of both social and economic change that sees a society move from a pre-industrial to a fully industrial society. Actually, sometimes modernization is considered as a result of industrialization except that apart from industrialization modernization may be as a result of a synergy between economic development and social change. When these two, economic development and social change, are closely related to innovation, then the result is great modernization often identifiable through industrialization. ... This modernization was represented by not only by high levels of economic authority but also by factors such as functional specialization and general structural differentiation. These factors, especially the autonomy of the economic system from the government contributed greatly to this high level of modernization or industrialization for that matter. Besides the factors highlighted above, there also others that equally led to the prosperity realizes in most countries in the above named region. These factors include: An open trading system enjoying minimal or no import duty greatly stimulated industrialization because of the emerging cost efficiency. Presence of free and flexible labour helped enhance industrialization. It is common knowledge that industrialization, besides energy and raw materials, depend entirely on not only cheap but also skilled and flexible labour. Presence of alternative markets enhanced the general economic performance as a result of highly enabled business opportunities presented by these markets Quick conventional learning capabilities and the affirmative work ethics in the populations equally played a role in encouraging and enhancing industrialization Skills in fast exploitation of the new technologies and scientific findings catapulted industrialization to further and higher grounds Why Industrialization Occurred As mentioned earlier, industrialization is the result of social change and economical development lying proximally to innovations and emerging technologies. Autonomy of social and economic systems from the governments undoubtedly led to industrialization. The process of industrialization occurred almost in every part of the world for particular reasons. For instance, the

Niagara falls Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Niagara falls - Term Paper Example The City known as Niagara Falls was once a Township number 2 to Mount Dorchester. It was suggested that the United Empire Loyalists would inhibit it in the year 1781.Its roads were Concessions and Lines that became the main grids, the Portage Road that passes through Niagara Falls, and driveways that connect homesteads to the main arteries that became the Lundy’s Lane1. The Portage road was used to portage goods in land through the Niagara Falls in the western side of the River. The area previously was known as Mount Dorchester was renamed Stamford Township. The Stamford Township played a key role in the war of 1812- 1814 .Since the area was a major site for the battle. This battle of the Lundy’s Lane was the worst battle in Canada soil. After it ended the US, army attacked the Bridgewater Mills that was located in Dufferin Islands .There was constructions of hydroelectric stations in the first decade of the 20th century. In the 1920s and 1950s there were many projects introduced, those were essential to the development of electricity in the Niagara Falls2. Economy of Stamford flourished and this led to the development of communities in the township especially in terms of trade and commerce. The area saw a growth in tourism where the debate about who won the battle about the Lundy’s lane paved a way for tourists to visit the area. With the plentiful source of hydroelectric power by the waterfalls, many industries boomed especially electrochemical and electrometallurgical industries in the early 20th century. The industry in the 1970 and 1980s began to move out of the city due to economic recession and with the increase of global competition in the industry-manufacturing sector. Tourism was the most source of revenue for the city. In the 20th century, there was an exchange rate in comparing Canadian and US currencies where Ontario focused on tourism. The Ontario government introduced gambling to the local economies in

Bad Management Theories Are Destroying Good Management Practices Essay

Bad Management Theories Are Destroying Good Management Practices - Essay Example The name of the article itself was the starting point which made me feel surprised. The author was brave enough to question the effectiveness of academic theories taught to students and applied in management and other relative business fields. Thus, for example, Ghoshal (2005, p.75) claimed at the beginning of the article: â€Å"Our theories and ideas have done much to strengthen the management practices that we are all now so loudly condemning†. After reading this phrase I have naturally changed the usual way of my thinking and started to follow the ideas of the author. Idea that â€Å"academic research related to the conduct of business and management has had some very significant and negative influences on the practice of management† has left particular impact on me as well as desire for further investigation (Ghoshal, 2005, p.76). An overall style of the author surprised me by its boldness and open minded approach. Ghoshal’s vision of amoral theories propagat ed by business schools, idea of necessity to reconsider corporate governance issue, idea of positive organizational scholarship and some other thoughts made me to think through. 2. Surprises in JA 2 The second journal article that I have chosen for further analysis also was given loud and provocative name – â€Å"'Damned by our own theories: contradictions between theories and management education† (Donaldson 2002, p.96).

Informatics and Framus Computers Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Informatics and Framus Computers - Case Study Example In order for this situation to be arrested, an external intervention is necessary. Â  The structures of the two companies do not align with the overall goals of the businesses. In order for such businesses to work together as a single unit, the businesses need to remove structural hurdles through ensuring that both structures support the shared operations (Mills 2007). In this case, the two businesses do not have clear structures. For instance, Informatics is more formal, bureaucratic, and hierarchical compared to Framus. This affects the flow of information between the two firms. Â  The strategies by the two businesses are not based on the competitive advantage of both firms. On the contrary, the two firms are almost competing with each other. This is affecting the relationship between the two firms which depends on each other for existence. Â  The systems of the two companies have not been laid properly in order to enhance coordination. As a result, there is no trust among the two organizations, an aspect that is affecting the overall quality of computer components being delivered to Informatics. Â  The staff and their style of work are different. Both sides blame each other for the challenges facing the organizations. For instance, the top-level managers of Framus feel that the other companies that use their products do not raise similar complaints that are raised by Informatics. However, on the other hand, Informatics Company’s management feel that the other firm is not doing enough to address the quality issues that have been raised by the business. The push and pull are affecting the overall performances of the businesses. Â  In order for both businesses to work together effectively, they need to have similar organizational structure. This would make it easier for the top-level managers to communicate easily with the rest of the subordinates (Mills 2007).

Social Organization and Kinship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Organization and Kinship - Essay Example As the paper discusses the social relationships are quite important in the society. Some of the social ends that are involved in the social set up of the society are socialization of the children and the constitution of the basic political, economic and religious groups. The kinship involves the people who are sharing the same lineage are in the categories of the descent group, affinity, cognate and the fictive kinship. The kinship associated with the marriage is referred to as the affinity related. Kinship is the centre of the social organization in various societies, and people understand that the kinship should be relevant to the social cognition. Kin is organized around binary distinctive features and is linguistically marked.This essay stresses that the type of the society where one is living influences the person’s interactions and the activities that the person can involve them. The type of the society has great influence on the different areas of the female’s eg os life as the society determines the amount of the social support they get.  In Native America, cultures allow the matrilineal approach where the family lineage is traced through the mothers and not the fathers. The women in the American culture they possess great power as they are treated as the center of the family and home.  In the communities that practice the matrilineal approach of the family make up the males would live with the women after marriage at woman's home.

American Registry for Internet Numbers Essay Example for Free

American Registry for Internet Numbers Essay 1. American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN)- Provides services involving technical coordination and management of internet number resources. They support the internet through the management of internet number resources and coordinates the development of policies for the management of IP number resources. They also provide services for technical coordination and management of internet number resources in its respective services region. The services include IP address space allocation and ASN allocation, transfer and record maintenance. B. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)- Responsible for the allocation of globally unique names and numbers that are used in Internet protocols that are published as RFC documents and for coordinating some of the key components that keep the internet running efficiently. They allocate and maintain unique codes and numbering systems that are used in the technical standards/protocols that drive the internet. Among such protocols are the domain names, number resources and Protocol assignments. C. Asia-Pacific Network Information Center (APNIC)- An organization that manages the internet number resources within Asia. They provide the number resource allocation and registration services that support the global operation of the internet. 2. An Ipv4 uses 32 bit IP addresses. The max number of of IPv4 addresses is about 4 billion. 3.The max number of Ipv6 addresses is about 48 billion. 4.The world ran out of Ipv4 addresses February 1, 2011. All networks must now allocate Ipv6 addresses. 5. Ipv4 addresses are exhausted 6. Ipv4 is still being used because the address pool supports the continual demands and extends its usefulness. Also because Ipv4 and Ipv6 are not compatible. 7. No because you cant resell them. Sources https://www.arin.net/ https://www.iana.org/ https://www.apnic.net/

Television Drama And Its Narrative Complexities Media Essay

Television Drama And Its Narrative Complexities Media Essay This assignment will examine the extent to which quality television drama is conceptually adventurous and narratively complex. By doing this, I shall use the television series, 24 as a case study. It will also demonstrate the relationship audience has with quality television and its complexities in its narratives. This assignment will endeavour to support all points and observations by appropriate scholarly research including work by John Peacocks Reading 24: TV against the clock and other various authors from the bibliography. The term quality television is very critical if it is used in an important perspective or within theoretical matters of television categories. It took on an added detailed implication when it was raised by television academics in the institute when they tried to clarify the defining features of broadcasts that gain quality characteristics. There is the theory that quality television is public television which is television broadcasts where the country is completely uncomfortable while it articulates itself, its past and unclear prospect (Bronk, Simons and Elsaesser, 1994: p.66). There is also the theory that a genre in drama is the quality television standard. Quality television has production expenditures, entertainment significances, performance and scripting which appeals mass audiences (Bronk, Simons and Elsaesser, 1994: p.66). The broadcast resilience is a subsequent importance of stylishness which presents and signifies the quality classification that frequently characterizes t he self-confident ability of those who produces certain broadcasts. Therefore, quality enhances a procedural requirement but furthermore establishes an institutional and independent requirement. If quality television can be defined by an educated medium, then television producers can comprehend what a good broadcast should be (Bronk, Simons and Elsaesser, 1994: p.66). Quality television materializes as a way of producing television programs. It originates from a reproduction on what has succeeded suitably from history and how it could be developed. Certain definition has suggestions and one of them is that quality television is pricey. Suitable money provision obtains modern equipment and pays for good performers, directors, writers and producers. It confirms high-quality production costs. This definition is institutional but it insinuates that quality television cannot be defined by a particular broadcast whether it is reliable by a specific genre. The broadcaster asserts that qual ity should have a general broadcasting procedure like an intense timetable (Bronk, Simons and Elsaesser, 1994: p.67). Quality television is created in a variety of various genres broadcasts which appeals to different kinds and sizes of audiences at different times of the day. Quality television is furthermore a television signal to high-tech advancement which allows an expensive artistic representation and improved sound model. The importance on high-tech advancements may highlight the quality television explanation by a specific broadcast production constitution and its delivery across reputable institutions that obtains both stability and creativity of producing television programmes but certain creativity may theoretically be attained through liberalization and a circumstance because a mass of channels is provided by a variety of independent producers to confirm a range of broadcasts while they focused themselves onto a mixture of audiences (Bronk, Simons and Elsaesser, 1994: p.6 7-p.68). By arguing and explaining peoples view of quality, it requires the exploration and argument of certain broadcasts or its tactics. If this is to be succeeded, involvement from television producers, audiences and reviewers would be essential. People will understand quality television needs an ongoing social discourse regarding the medium. Examples of Quality Television are series such as Seinfeld, Law and Order, The Sopranos, Ally McBeal, The X-Files, NYPD Blue and ER. These series are popular American Quality Television among other series that comes into view of audiences. In order for these series to come into the audiences view, exhilarating and pristine creation will be essential to appeal the audience and market publicity if there are cable stations and networks (Akass and McCabe, 2007: p.117). Local production will maintain to produce the predominant audiences globally. Nevertheless, the digital channels creation indicates that there will always be high-quality global broadcasting. Operating commercial channels finances confirms that broadcasting which appeals to high-class audience with sufficient expenditure influence will continuingly be the highly appealing choice for a consumer. That is why creative television series from the United States are developed. There are variations in program releases, new product ion approaches, financial redistribution centred around product impartiality and promotion diversity and the development to the fame of Home Box Office (HBO) which was centred around a totally distinct commercial representative than main broadcast networks such as ABC, NBC and CBS along with their associations and the nations respective stations which all marketed specific audiences to promoters (Akass and McCabe, 2007: p.3), (Lavery, Howard and Levinson, 2011: p.8). The broadcasting on HBO is not only restricted to high-end cable consumers but it also influences non-cable audiences. In the modern period, targeting specific niche audiences expendably and differently from creating a mass audience, HBO wanted elevated production benefits with excessive funds to endure costly shooting techniques and post-production editing but it associates itself with the modernist instead of popular, cinematic custom, classifying itself as an artistic style because it is at the high-end of parent com pany, Time-Warners range but its slogan is Its Not TV. Its HBO describes its quality sign and it defines the network period after 1996 (Nelson, 2007: p.180), (Akass and McCabe, 2007: p.3). This statement has included an analysis of the whole American commercial television structure. It has gained disparagements as it opposes the disrespectful movement of daily television. HBO was securely isolated from commercial television disruptions but nevertheless, HBO drama audiences are allowed to separate themselves from the television programming characteristic styles (Edgerton and Jones, 2008: p.25). All program networks are obliged by government ruling and associated agreements with partner stations and promoters to present a wide program facility that amasses the audience through a public and demographic variety classification (Edgerton and Jones, 2008: p.31). While HBO never used this model, other broadcasters have defended their company model that employs broadcasting to produce numero us customers to promoters as they see variations in media skills and culture. There are principles for quality television which alternates the stylistic self-reflexivity and liberal humanism to the ensemble cast, series fusion, complex character-based narratives and serialized construction (Peacock, 2007: p.15). It also involves debatable themes and is clear that quality television targets an organization with cinema as a better art quality characteristic to television as the quality genre developed. By the 1990s, quality television developed an important term settling with finances and aesthetics to become a genre within itself (Peacock, 2007: p.15). The cinematic filmic style may be the most important clear quality television feature. It has succeeded narrative complexity as the popular American television main characteristic by the late 1980s and early 1990s. Established quality television genre models have broadcasted their feature with evident recognizable cinematic filmic styl e which can be understood as a deliberate difference to the regular television broadcasting impassive style (Peacock, 2007: p.16). What quality television might be meant by conceptually adventurous is that television broadcasting is generally intense with adventure representations and the themes where people can relate to adventure. Television is always regarded as a writers medium and it establishes antagonism between an aesthetically traditional television principle as determined by dialogue and character as well as a more adventurous significance in style and narrative mode in cinema. Adventurous cable broadcasting and new markets have stimulated progression (Douglas, 2005: p.26). It has furthermore revolutionized television programming and presented new openings for writers. There are also rising audience division on specific cable networks which allowed niche broadcasting that would never be part of the three networks which limited casting is making adventurous and high quality shows such as Battlestar Galactica on the Sci-Fi channel, The Shield on FX and Dexter on Showtime. They generally run for an hour e ach week and keep the audience in suspense and guessing as to what would happen on the next episode. This strong timing, real-time importance and ticking clock all aided to tie the week-long inequality between episode programming and conceal the narrative combined in a series way (Peacock, 2007: p.20). Modern broadcasts targets audiences interests outside the limited timing television hour structure. They aim to appeal audiences that give themselves completely on their preference viewing. Quality television drama series are presented once a creative idea infiltrates the thoughtful industry activity. It is believed that drama has to be conceptually adventurous because without it, itll lack the quality expectations audience will be hoping for. There are other quality television characteristics which help the audience appreciation and action such as its scholarly consumption, fluent, specialized and perceptive speech, complex narrative construction and its rapid style (Akass and McCabe, 2007: p.26), (Richardson, 2010: p.22). People are carried between scenes and instances. This means more innovative concept and industrial talent are advanced. It also confirms the requirement the audience focuses (Akass and McCabe, 2007: p.27). This action complexity is regarded as another high quality television characteristic. It also puts the audience in the situation where they elevate when making a decisive conclusion. Every broadcast helps people explain and value it. Television series became more complex as it engages more actors and narratives which uses from one episode to few years to finish. From the year 2000 and onwards, American television drama has been creative and it has also been highly remarkable at the high-end of the series and its topic which lasts one hour long. This is assisted by the evident achievement of suggestive authorized cable models. American television drama episodes can cost over US$3 million respectively while these drama that lasts one hour long includes a variety of broadcasting styles and costs (Bonner, 2011: p.3), (Grant and Wood, 2004: p.127). American television drama is one example as to why it is conceptually adventurous and narratively complex because it is frequently invented by producers that has auteur recommendations who also employs 35mm film or its digital equivalent to attain a cinematic quality (Akass and McCabe, 2007: p.43). But before the year 2000, high-end American drama series costs was normally exploited by broadcast networks as the vital market share and profits diminished this drama genres excessive expenditure suggestion s. This broadcast drama was innovatively controlled by the safety first traditional content that institutions are afraid to acknowledge the marketable possibility of actual innovative investigation (Hoffmann-Riem, 1996: p.103). Broadcast drama was additionally restricted by overwhelming instant achievement anticipations. One purpose is to accumulate sufficient episodes to increase association and new back-end incomes if it produces the vital ratings by occasionally exaggerating efforts to extend its life and success. Network hesitancy remains putting many innovative restrictions on television drama production with certain reflections approaching deeply on program fees. For the last fifteen years, American prime-time dramas have deeply trusted complex tactics of episodic fiction to confirm the audiences constant venture in their narratives (Akass and McCabe, 2007: p.133). This is because it functions in a television view that is distinguished by the rising struggle between various me dia structures. For the last two decades, American television drama has been narratively complex which exploits the structured series probabilities. It highlights constant descriptive series upon limited episodic  plots (Akass and McCabe, 2007: p.26). Consequently, these series incline to accumulate complex narrative of background contexts and character relationships which is why they ask their audiences to participate. One genre which is crucially narratively complex is conspiracy dramas. American television drama narrative tactics are more understandable if people theorize them as conspiracy narratives because serials that features narratives of protagonists trying to reveal and end the evil operations of antagonists. These series intend on producing a  specific manner of television viewing where a functioned and alerted audience actions requires an inclination to involve the descriptive narrative theory and carefully listen to the elements by observing the conspiracy narrative rationalities. American television drama can be understood as a distribution to certain narrational mode and be reflected as a clear subdivision of  narratively complex programming (Vest, 2011: p.209). However, the narratively complex television series structure lets the narrative rationality of conspiracy to release its possible serial as it benefits flexible narrative paths basically because television series become lucrative the longer they stay on air. Series that utilizes certain  conspiratorial narrative structure also get additional complex characteristic of  conspiracy fictions. This presents a  significant difficulty which may justify the diverse audience responses to the conspiratorial series concluding episodes particularly for lengthy series. It directs people to the fundamental theories of series narration as an industrial structure which was always acquiring durable profit issues than in classical stylistic, credibility and consistency models. Conspiratorial television series help certain actions and user activity in online forums that is devoted to specific series debate in the modern era confirms this assertions rationality by welcoming their audiences to investigate their narrative complexities. It is clear that not every serial that endorses the conspiracy narrative rationalities trust the comparable elaborate tactics to help the audiences theory. Nevertheless, these series reveal the understanding that the narrative complexity suggestion is a main feature in the endeavour to initiate the audiences and cultivate their devotion to the series. The television programme, 24 is one example of quality television and conspiracy narrative program. It is one of the infrequent series to experience vital and commercial achievement from its launch as it is fascinating, sophisticated, creative and appealing (Peacock, 2007: p.13). However, the series argues the current quality television classifications through its persistent and creative aesthetics utilization and basic skills. 24 has successfully qualified as quality television by merging these recognized conspiracies with modern conceptual involvements. The series also uses and underlines both cinematic and videographic methods in its quality. 24s interest to cinematic quality is directly evident in all practical scenes. The show is shot on 35mm film and framed for 16:9 widescreen productions, media and structure which is nevertheless more generally linked with cinema than with the 4:3 quality part of American television (Peacock, 2007: p.16). 24 has showed cinematic filmic charact eristics which was frequently admired in long-established quality television. The series is also exclusive because the producers like the videographic quality. It has influenced audiences and critics with the video effect focus like digital clocks, on-screen text and the internet at the beginning. 24 may be the most videographic modern dramatic television broadcast because it not only uses videographic features as its mark quality and it still progresses to this point to contain its cinematic movements in a videographic context (Peacock, 2007: p.18). The series cinematic sequences are frequently dealt videographically whether it is split on screen or connected in real-time used filmic. The split-screens and ticking clocks on the series mainly understand the basic real-time vanity. The formulated numerous phone rings also appear to be more exciting. These are the main quality features that use videographic features as a characteristic show aesthetic in the clear narrative mass consti tution. The extremely strategized and clear cinematic shooting quality is important to 24s filmic influence but it is the videographic aesthetic indications that underline the broadcasts objectives. 24 actively markets videographic as a sign of its personal quality and complexities that benefits the cinematic. The serial videographic improvement transcends new quality television indications as these aesthetic metaphors can be understood more as an instinctive televised aesthetic style (Peacock, 2007: p.18). 24s narrative hour concurrence and televised broadcasting hour trusts an accurate series production as every final moments in an episode is understood to produce clearly to the starting moments of the next (Peacock, 2007: p.19). 24s high-quality stylistic construction clearly argues that the quality broadcast practicality highlights the seriality over the episodic. 24 also underlines this basic superiority constantly because the conflicted series narrative is widely motivated by its construction than within the complexity of its characters and story. The series title benefits the dramatic narrative construction which highlights the title (Peacock, 2007: p.19). The one day incidents are also told one hour at a time. This importance on time achieved mainly through aesthetic filmic and aural tactics as it is made to attain an enhanced concern and action-packed meaning. All narrative features of 24s individual seasons are always functioning with this ending comparing to the limited accessible diegetic offered to more quality dramas. For each season, 24 is always added by the friction between the sincere two or three influential storylines for the whole season that get settled and traded in each of several episodes. The hour-by-hour mysteries were also clocked so that many experiences concur and the seasons conclusion assured the ending (Peacock, 2007: p.20). This causes friction through the construction and the narrative also caused a friction through the consp iracy story. These are the conflicts that are operated and highlighted by the broadcasts aesthetics where the split-screens suggest numerous storylines, narrative gaps and ticking clocks. The shows frequent real-time evident assertions need an insistent meaning and an approaching ending. 24s basic quality innovations insisted the current quality characterizations and can be understood as an impulsive utilization and clearer analysis of twenty-first centurys television constructions (Peacock, 2007: p.21). The series appeals interest to the fanatical televised time limits and the obsession with these limits which are frequently focused. 24 can be categorized as conceptually adventurous because it uses the main action-adventure series quality features which combines common characteristics such as series consisting genres of action-adventure, spy, crime, detective and thriller (Peacock, 2007: p.164). All these genres identify an array of qualities which contain an inclination for substantial dramatic action and a narrative construction including eruption, pursuing and conflicts. Numerous joint storylines of 24 evidently explain that modern television drama narratives trust complexities which includes some plots and characters to keep their audiences appealing. The highly important series characteristic merges a clear construction with the real-time structure utilization (Evans, 2011: p.117). Program series operates in 24 as far as specific episodes distorting simultaneously. The narrative operates throughout a series of episodes until the season finale. This is linked with a complex narrative which can be discovered in the quality television discussion. 24s fourth season has convincing associations to complex narrative (Evans, 2011: p.119). Many narrative features linked in every episode is not determined. The primary Danger narrative is highly outstanding. It centred on the seasons antagonist, Habib Marwan and featured the defence secretary, James Heller being abducted, the atomic power plants destruction, the Air Force One terrorism and the Chinese mission assault which initiates its government to pursue vengeance on Jack Bauer (Evans, 2011: p.119). Furthermore, it featured Jacks relationship with Jamess daughter, Audrey, Erin Driscolls daughters suicide and the alienated romantic relationship between Michelle Dessler and Tony Almeida in Season 2. 24s audience also enjoyed obtaining the advantage to participate with specific complex and frequent stimulating narratives (Evans, 2011: p.119). The series is characterized by audiences from insignificant television broadcasts by its complex narrative construction especially with the way the narrative alters melodramatically. 24s skill to modify emphasis and introduce new narrative storylines is important to the audiences interest. By now I believe I have examined the extent to which quality television drama is conceptually adventurous and narratively complex by using the television series, 24 as an example. 24 have demonstrated the quality that fascinates the audience. It is clear that a lot of money was invested into the program to provide the best service to the audience. The adventurous style and complexities have certainly helped the weekly ratings because the innovation that was produced in the series has brought the audience into excitement which clearly defines what quality television is. I believe the term quality television is what the audience make of it as it is determined by what they think of a specific program. To achieve the audiences expectations, it is important to provide the best facilities such as cinematic technologies and networks that can help promote the program. Bonner, Frances. Personality Presenters: Televisions Intermediaries with Viewers. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate, 2011. Print. Douglas, Pamela. Writing the TV Drama Series: How to Succeed as a Professional Writer in TV. Studio City, CA: Michael Wiese Productions, 2005. Print. Edgerton, Gary R., and Jeffrey P. Jones. The Essential HBO Reader. Lexington.: University of Kentucky, 2008. Print. Elsaesser, Thomas, Jan Simons, and Lucette Bronk. Writing for the Medium: Television in Transition. Amsterdam: Amsterdam UP, 1994. Print. Evans, Elizabeth. Transmedia Television: Audiences, New Media and Daily Life. New York: Routledge, 2011. Print. Grant, Peter S., and Chris Wood. Blockbusters and Trade Wars: Popular Culture in a Globalized World. Vancouver: Douglas McIntyre, 2004. Print. Hoffmann-Riem, Wolfgang. Regulating Media: The Licensing and Supervision of Broadcasting in Six Countries. New York: Guilford, 1996. Print. Lavery, David, Douglas L. Howard, and Paul Levinson. The Essential Sopranos Reader. Lexington: University of Kentucky, 2011. Print. McCabe, Janet, and Kim Akass. Quality TV: Contemporary American Television and beyond. London: I.B. Tauris, 2007. Print. Nelson, Robin. State of Play: Contemporary High-End TV Drama. Manchester: Manchester UP, 2007. Print. Nelson, Robin. TV Drama in Transition: Forms, Values, and Cultural Change. New York, NY: St. Martins, 1997. Print. Peacock, Steven. Reading 24: TV against the Clock. London: I. B. Tauris, 2007. Print. Richardson, Kay. Television Dramatic Dialogue: A Sociolinguistic Study. New York: Oxford UP, 2010. Print. Swanson, Dorothy Collins. The Story of Viewers for Quality Television: From Grassroots to Prime Time. Syracuse: Syracuse UP, 2000. Print. Taylor, T. Allan., and James Robert. Parish. Career Opportunities in Television and Cable. New York: Ferguson, 2007. Print. Vest, Jason P. The Wire, Deadwood, Homicide, and NYPD Blue: Violence Is Power. Santa Barbara: Praeger, 2011. Print.

Target Market of Nike

Target Market of Nike To bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete in the world. A mission statement is a statement of the organizations purpose- what it wants to accomplish in the larger environment. Nike has evolved a lot over the years, from a US-based footwear distributor to a global manufacturer and marketer of athletic footwear, apparel and equipment. Over the years of this evolution the target market for the company has kept on evolving. Market segmenting, by grouping together with similar needs, provides a commercially viable method of serving these customers. According to the Nikes official website the goal of the company is to carry on with innovating thinking to develop product that helps athletes of every level of ability to reach the potential they are capable of and side by side create business opportunities that set Nike apart from the various competitors. According to the official website of Nike the core consumer categories is action sports, basketball, football (soccer), mens training, running, sportswear and womens training. Thus in a way the primary target market for the company are athletes. Keeping this in mind I have selected a new athlete shoe as my product. The Marketing Mix For our case study we have concentrated on the traditional 4Ps marketing mix. Nike is one of the pioneers in marketing and has one of the strongest Marketing Mix. Product We define a product as anything that is offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use or consumption and that might satisfy a want or a need. Jim Blythe rightly said product brought to satisfy personal and family needs are consumer goods and Nike caters to all the relevant aspects in terms of its products and understanding consumers. A customer would emphasis at the three levels of benefit from product. Core Product Actual Product Augmented Product Core Product: The Problem solving services or core benefits that consumers are really buying when they obtain a product. Briefly it can so be said that Nike deals in four core categories which is footwear, apparel, equipment, accessory product. Actual Product: A products parts, quality level, features, design, brand name, packaging and other attributes that combine to deliver core product benefits, Nike has taken these factor into special consideration in terms of the product it brings in the market. Augmented Product: Additional consumer service and benefits built around the core and actual product, it is so said the more you keep your customers satisfied and happy the better for the business and Nike has given priority to these factors one being after sale service. Nike considered Design creates performance innovation products that minimize environmental impact by reducing waste throughout the design and development process, using environmentally preferred materials and eliminating toxics. Nike designers make smart, sustainable design choices at the start of their creative process, working to achieve breakthroughs to solve the big problems that hinder progress toward a sustainable future Internally, NIKE works across product teams and with groups ranging from the hub of product design and creation functions to influence the development of short-, mid- and long-range projects that make progress toward closed-loop products. The product choose is a new shoe for athletes manufactured after doing research and talking to making athletes to find out there requirements and needs of a shoe. The product will be light as well as durable and will athletes to run faster and more easily. Promotion Promotion, according to Kotler and Armstrong (2010), mean activities that communicate the merits of the product and persuade target customers to buy it. Promotion for Nike is the most critical and though about part of the marketing mix. Nike uses the following tools to promote its brand: Tool 1: Advertising Advertising, according to Kotler and Armstrong (2010), is any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods, or services by an identified sponsor. The basis thing that Nike does through its advertising is makes its corporate visual identity: the swoosh, as popular as it can get. Corporate identity is a broad term referring to the set of meanings by which an object allows itself to be known and through which it allows people to describe, remember and relate to it (van Rekom, 1997). The literature suggests that firms who standardize their global corporate visual identity achieve communication benefits beyond the usual marketing mix (Melewar and Saunders, 2000). In all of the banner, newspaper advertisements, holdings, T.V commercial and even on their product Nike is recognized now through the swoosh instead of the brand name. Advertisements have been instrumental in marketing most of Nikes products(Hunger Wheelen, 2003). Tool 2: Personal Selling Personal Selling, according to Kotler and Armstrong (2010), is personal presentation by the firms sales force for the purpose of making sales and building customer relationships. Nike has setup two mediums through which it achieves personal selling: Nike has set up Nike exclusive store across the globe though help of distributor where one to one marketing of the brand is carried out by the sales person with in the stores and second Nike has setup a virtual store where any one visit anytime of the day and not just order the product even customize it. Tool 3: Sponsorship Sponsorship, according to Fahy, Farrelly and Quester (2004), has been viewed as an appealing communication tool, given the increasing clutter and fragmentation of the traditional mass media. Nike sponsors numerous sporting personalities in a wide range of sporting activities; for example: Tiger Woods in Golf, Wayne Rooney in Football, Roger Federer in Tennis (Brown, 2010). The strategic role of sponsorship is to attain advantage in the competitive market where the sponsorship must rise above the clutter and effectively resists the efforts of competitors to ambush it (Fahy, Farrelly and Quester, 2004). Nike has been known to use ambush marketing strategy for a long time now. The Just Do It campaign helped Nike to increase its market share. Nike increased its share of the domestic sport-shoe business from 18 percent to 43 percent, from $877 million to $9.2 billion in just ten years between 1998 and 2008. This campaign made Nike so identifiable that Nike stopped using the word Nike in the commercials, the swoosh was enough for the customer to understand whos ad they were seeing. By 2000s, just as the evolution of Nike product has occurred, the approach of the company towards marketing has also evolved. In 2002, Nike started its very first global marketing effort through the Secret Tournament campaign. Secret Tournament is an integrated approach which has now become the cornerstone marketing and communication effort by Nike. Ambush marketing is an effective way by which Nike over the years has promoted its brand and increased its brand image. Ambush marketing occurs when one brand pays to become an official sponsor of an event and another competing brand attempts to cleverly connect itself with the event, without paying the sponsorship fee and more frustratingly without breaking any law. Now the product that we are forwarding is specifically for athletes but can be used by anyone who wants to be fit. Thus again ambush marketing will be used. The product poster and advertising will be everywhere. The main cost in the marketing mix will be given to promotion to get the product successful. Place Nike has come a long way from when its founders used to sell the shoes out of the trunk of their cars until the first Nike store was built in 1966. During the November of 1990, Nike opened its retail- as- theatre experience called Nike town in Portland. Nike town won many architectural design and retail awards. Nike then also opened a dozen of other Nike town around USA and also internationally. According to Jobber (2004), Place involves decision concerning the distribution channels to be used and their management, the locations of outlets, methods of transportation and inventory levels to be held. The recent World Headquarters (WHQ) of Nike, Inc. encompasses of 17 buildings spread across 193 acres of land which totals 1.9 million square feet of interior space. The World Headquarter is in Beaverton, Oregon. Nike, Inc. also leases out 750,000 square feet or more of space in the area which is in the surrounding metropolitan. The European Headquarters (EHQ) of Nike, Inc. is located at Hilversum, The Netherlands. The office space is around 500,000 square feet which has been leased. Nike, Inc. has three major distribution and customer facilities for all the Nike-branded products. The location of these facilities: two are in Memphis, Tennessee and one is located in Wilsonville, Oregon. Place includes company activities that make the product available to target consumers. Nike, Inc. has approximately six production office located outside of the United States. There are over 100 sales offices and showrooms which are located worldwide. Nike, Inc. also has over 70 administrative offices worldwide. The product will be available in each and every shop and retail outlet that NIKE owns. It will also be sold online on the official Nike website. To gain maximum profit out of sales online sales of the product will be given emphasis. Price In a narrowest sense price is the amount of money charged for a product or service. More broadly, price is the sum of all the values that customer give up in order to gain the benefits of having or using a product or service. In marketing mix pricing is the only element that produces revenue; all other elements represent costs and that is the sole reason where Nike has been very successful as it has priced its product according to the needs of the customer. The various segments where Nike proves why Nike is so very popular and successful among its customers in terms of price are: Footwear (54% of Revenue) Nike specializes in athletic footwear, although Nike also sells sport-inspired casual footwear like its Air Force Ones footwear line. Footwear sales increased 14% in 2009, reaching about $10.3 billion, and accounted for 54% of Nikes 2009 revenue. Apparel (27% of Revenue) Apparel sales totaled $5.24 billion in 2009, a 0.2% increase from a year earlier.ÂÂ  2008 sales from this segment grew by 14% from 2007, a trend that Nike attributed much of this revenue growth to a 25% increase in sales inÂÂ  emerging marketsÂÂ  like Russia in the EMEA region as well as a currency-neutral 50% increase in revenues fromÂÂ  China. Equipment (6% of Revenue) Nike also sells sports equipment such as balls, protective equipment, and golf clubs. Sales of Nike branded equipment reached $1.11 billion in 2009, a 9.5% increase from 2008.ÂÂ  This increase was driven primarily by a 10% increase in equipment sales in the Asia region. Other (13% of Revenue) Nike also sells apparel and footwear under the Nike Golf, Cole Haan, Converse, Hurley International, and Umbro brand names and earns approximately 13% of its revenue, or $2.5 billion in 2009, from these segments. As we can see the main income of the company is from the Footwears and its main target market is athletes, this product is going to be for high class people. The product will be in the high range band.

Causing Generation X :: essays research papers

Teenagers wasting 2.3 million dollars worth of gas a year driving around the same block. Kids at the mall for the sole purpose of shop-lifting. Underage consumption parties. Stealing lawn ornaments. These are just some of the effects of Generation X growing up.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main cause of this destruction of youth is the crumbling of families. No more “Wait until your father gets home from work and ask him'; but “I wonder if we’re going to see a child support check before Christmas.'; With the divorce rate skyrocketing, us kids are feeling more like burdens than blessings. All the problems divorce causes can rip apart a child, and leave him/her craving attention, whether it is negative or positive. To make it worse, while the only parent they live with is working, the two kids turn into a huge group of people decide to make prank phone calls and try beer for the first time. Addictions form and on and on. Pretty soon the kids acting up in class, (more attention, the perfect kind, peer,) getting smashed on the weekends and waking up in someone else’s puke.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another big reason is boredom. This where my syndrome stems from. There is honestly NOTHING to do in Tuscarwaras County. If you have money in the winter you can bowl, watch a High School basketball game, go to the YMCA, see a movie, go shopping, drive around, experiment with make-up and different types of clothes, get on the Internet, and watch TV. With no money in the winter, we can watch TV, get on the Internet, vandalize, steal , try to bum cigarettes and other such things. The reason the police log is so long every morning is not because kids are heathens, it’s because we are bored. If there was a dance club, a clean place to play pool, an indoor swimming pool , etc., that was free, I guarantee you the problems would clear up. I huge issue that stands out is the whole bike/skateboard thing. Dover/Phila has a huge problem with us riding in town and in allies. I’ve been yelled at hundreds of times “This isn’t a bike park! Get the He*l away form here!'; Well, if they’d build us a place instead of whining about it for months and getting our hopes up then saying no. In order to keep us out of trouble, we need to be occupied with good things It’s not that we don’t want to be.

Presidents And Affirmative Action :: essays research papers

Presidents and Affirmative Action In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson issued Executive Order #11246 at Howard University that required federal contractors to undertake affirmative action to increase the number of minorities that they employ. He wanted to ensure that minorities were recruited to have real opportunities to be hired and then eventually get a promotion. In 1969, the Department of Labor exposed widespread racial discrimination of the Construction Department so President Richard M. Nixon decided to encorporate a system of "goals and timetables" to evaluate federal construction companies according to affirmative action. This idea of "goals and timetables" provided guidelines for companies to follow and comply with affirmative action regulations. During the presidency of Gerald R. Ford, he extended affirmative action to people with disabilities (3) and Vietnam veterns (4) but there were no goals or timetables for these two groups. This type of affirmative action required recruitment efforts, accessability, accommodation and reviews of physical and mental job qualifications. President Jimmy Carter consolidated all federal agencies that were required by law to follow the affirmative action play into the Department of Labor. Before Carter did this, each agency handled affirmative action in its own individual way, some were not as consistant as other agencies were. He created the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Program (OFCCP) in 1978 to ensure compliance with the affirmative action policies. Affirmative action began to go downhill when Ronald Reagan and later George Bush came into office. Affirmative action lost some gains it had made and was mor or less ignored by the Republicans in the White House and in Congress. Affirmative action was silently being "killed" by our federal administrators. But among this destruction there was one positive aspect, the passage of Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (5). Finally to the Presidency of Bill Clinton. The Republicans are attempting to scare people into changing their party lines by misusing affirmative action. They are saying that affirmative action is nothing more than a quota (6) or reverse discrimination (7).

World War One â€Life in the Trenches

World war one –life in the trenches When men volunteered to fight in world war one, on the Western front, little did they know about the conditions they would be living and fighting in the trenches, and for how long this would all go on for. The Great War lasted for four years even though many believed they would be home by Christmas 1914 on till 11/11/1918(today know better as remembrance day). (See source A) Even if the men did know about many of the conditions in the trench they would most likely have still joined as many were pressured by two ways to join. irstly by women as they would press little white feathers into their hand another way was they would walk past with a desecrated look in their faces as described by Rifleman Norman Demuth in source B (see source B) and secondly by propagandas(posters)see sources C,D and E for some examples. Even though the war lasted longer than expected the conditions didn’t get any better for soldiers as the shortage of food got worse, diseases became more common e. g.Trench foot (where your foot rotted off in your boot), more rats moved into the trenches, no way to remove toilet waste from the trenches and corpses lined many of the sides and floors of the trenches helping to spread disease. It got so bad in the trenches many solider turned to shooting themselves so they could be sent home and see their friend and family they had left behind. But if you were found guilty of a self-inflicted wound (SIW) in the British Army the ultimate penalty was capital (death by firing squad. )But 3,894 British soldiers were found guilty of SIW but none were executed but instead sent to prison for lengthy periods.Basic trench and layouts(see sources f and G) The first job of any soldiers getting to the western front who wanted to survive the machine gun fire from the triple alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy) was to dig down, making trenches. Frontline trenches were usually about seven foot deep and six foot wi de. The front of the trench was known as the parapet. The top two or three feet of the parapet and the parados (the rear side of the trench) would consist of a thick line of sandbags to absorb any bullets or shell fragments.In a trench of this depth it was impossible to see over the top, so a two or three-foot ledge known as a fire-step, was added. Trenches were not dug in straight lines. Otherwise, if the enemy had a successive offensive, and got into your trenches, they could shoot straight along the line. Each trench was dug with alternate fire-bays and traverses. Duck-boards were also placed at the bottom of the trenches to protect soldiers from problems such as trench foot. Soldiers also made dugouts and funk holes in the side of the trenches to give them some protection from the weather and enemy fire.The front-line trenches were also protected by barbed-wire entanglements and machine-gun posts. Short trenches called saps were dug from the front-trench into No-Man's Land. The sap-head, usually about 30 yards forward of the front-line, were then used as listening posts. Behind the front-line trenches were support and reserve trenches. The three rows of trenches covered between 200 and 500 yards of ground. Communication trenches, were dug at an angle to the frontline trench and was used to transport men, equipment and food supplies. Food in the trenchesIn the trench food was basic but was for many it was better than what families were eating back at home. Daily rations for a British soldier consisted of 20 ounces of bread or 16 ounces of flour or 4 ounces of oatmeal instead of bread, 3 ounces of cheese, 5/8 ounces of tea, 4 ounces of jam or 4 ounces of dried fruit ,? ounce of salt, 1/36 ounce of pepper, 1/20 ounce of mustard, 8 ounces of fresh vegetables or 1/10 gill lime if vegetables not issued, ? gill of rum or 1 pint of porter , 20 ounces of tobacco, 1/3 ounces of chocolate (optional), 4 ounces of butter/margarine and 2 ounces of dried vegetables.One B ritish soldier said (source H) Tinned bully beef was the usual. we were always hungry. many times we only got one slice of bread,often without butter or jam,for breakfast and hard biscuits for tea. they were so hard that you had to put them on a hard surface and smash them with a stone. Meaning many did not get what they should have. Weapons One thing that played a big part in the war was the weapons They used * Handguns (e. g Webley Revolver, Webley Self-loading, Webley-Fosbery Automatic Revolver, Enfield revolver, Colt M1911 , Colt New Service, Smith ; Wesson M1917 revolver, Smith ; Wesson Model 10, Smith amp; Wesson Triple Lock, Lancaster pistol, Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless, and Mauser C96) * Rifles(e. g. Lee-Enfield, Lee-Metford, Pattern 1914 Enfield, Martini-Enfield, Martini-Henry, Ross rifle , Winchester Model 1894, Winchester Model 1895, Winchester Model 1907, Type 30 rifle, Type 38 rifle, Type 38 cavalry rifle, Mauser-Vergueiro, andPeriscope rifle) * Machine Guns(e. g. Vickers machine gun, Maxim gun, Lewis Gun, Hotchkiss Mark I, M1895 Colt-Browning machine gun and M1917 Browning machine gun) * Shotguns(e. g Sawn-off shotgun and Double-barreled shotgun) * Anti-tank weapons(e. . Elephant gun) * Grenades(e. g Grenade, No 1 Hales; Rifle grenades, 2, 3, 4 Hales; No. s 5, 23, 36 Mills; No. 6 Grenade; No. s 8, 9 Double Cylinder Jam Tin; No. 13 Battye; No. 15 Ball grenade; No. 27 Smoke Grenade and No. 34 Egg grenade) * Mortars(e. g 2 inch Medium Mortar, Newton 6 inch Mortar, Stokes Mortar and Livens Projector) * Support Guns(E. g Vickers-Crayford rocket gun * Swords(e. g 1897 Pattern, 1908 and 1912 Pattern Cavalry Swords and Claymore) * Bayonets(e. g M1907 bayonet) See sources G-L for examples of weapons. DiseasesIn the trenches there was a lot of disease from a common cold to trench foot(foot rotting off). 1. Trench foot- Many soldiers fighting in World War One suffered from severe trench foot. Trench foot is an infection of the feet caused by cold, wet and insanitary conditions. In the trenches soldiers stood fur hours on end in waterlogged trenches without being able to remove wet socks or boots. The soilders feet would gradually go numb and the skin would turn red or blue. If untreated, trench foot could turn gangrenous and the result was amputation. 2. Shell shock-Early symptoms of shell shock included tiredness, irritability, giddiness, lack of concentration and headaches. Eventually the men suffered mental breakdowns making it impossible for them to remain in the front-line. Some came to the conclusion that the soldiers condition was caused by the enemy's heavy artillery. These doctors argued that a bursting shell creates a vacuum, and when the air rushes into this vacuum it disturbs the cerebro-spinal fluid and this can upset the working of the brain. 3. Trench mouth- It was a severe form of gingivitis that causes painful, infected, bleeding gums and ulcerations. . Trench fever is a bacterial infection that causes repeated cycles of high fever. Two different types of bacteria cause Trench fever. Bartonella quintana is carried by body lice and Bartonella henselae is carried by ticks. Symptoms are headaches, skin rashes, inflamed eyes and leg pains. Rats In the trenches Rats gathered in their millions infested everywere in trenches. There were two main types of rats in the trenches the brown and the black rat. Both were despised but the brown rat was especially feared. Gorging themselves on human they could grow to the size of a cat. Toilets Loss of life Conclusion

Article mintzberg

The crossing, called Smarter, dramatically reduced pasture growth in potted lands and at the same time provided consequenceant nutrients all with no chemicals. Smarter blunt materials and manufacturing expertise were available in mainland China and India. As the follow grew, the managers and board members talked often slightly brass instrument complex body part. Two schools of estimation emerged. One collection wanted to import raw materials into the U. S. For manufacturing by WAR and thereby have direct control over manufacturing, merchandising, and sales. These services would be de dissociatements inwardly WAR.The second group wanted to import already make ND packaged ingatherings from overseas, outsource marketing to an agency, and hire a horticulture statistical distribution follow to handle sales. The second group pushed the plan that no one within the company would ever touch the product. Nor would there be bring ining(a) departments for manufacturing, mar keting, and sales. That discussion of structure within WAR would not have occurred 30 years ago when Robert Duncan published his creative expression, What is the Right Organization Structure? in Organization Dynamics in 1979.At that time, governments were estimation to be solidification, and structure defined the porting relationships among inherent in operation(p) departments. Dunces word provided important insights about the conditions under which different internal arrangements would deliver the goods a companys mission. His insights be still cite in watchfulness textbooks today. The purpose of this article is to present key developments in organization structure and design that have occurred since Dunces article and puff when separately can be used for greatest effect.We will in brief review the important structural designs from 30 years ago and then describe key developments since that time. The concepts are organized into tierce eras, which reflect substantive changes in management thinking from vertical organization to flat organizing to open boundaries via outsourcing and partnering.The first era of organisational design probably took hold in the mid-asses, and was dominant until the late asses. In while 1, the ideal organization was poised.It had clear boundaries amid it and suppliers, customers or competitors. Inputs arrived at the organizations gate, and after a transformation process, left as a completed product or service. most everything that was required during the transformation process was supplied internally. see philosophies from this era emphasized the study to vary to different environmental and internal contingencies and the mightiness to control the different parts of the organization 329 through report relationships in a vertical chain of bid.The structure of self-contained organizations can be thought of as (1) the grouping of people into functions or departments (2) the reporting relationships among people a nd departments and (3) the systems to ensure coordination and integration of activities tooth naiantly and vertically. The structures of this era, including functional, division, and matrix designs, rely tumidly on the vertical hierarchy and chain of command to define departmental groupings and reporting relationships.Functional In a functional structure, activities are classify together by common function from the bottom to the top of the organization. Each functional activity accounting, engineering, human resources, manufacturing, etc. is group into a specific department. Most low-toned companies use this structure, as do many large government organizations ND divisions of large companies. Divisional The divisional structure occurs when departments are grouped together based on organizational outputs. The divisional structure is sometimes called a product structure or returns center.Most large companies have carve up divisions that use different technologies or process different customers. People within each division have more product focus, accountability, and flexibility than would be the case if they were part of a huge functional structure. For example, get together Technologies Corporation (UTC), which is among the 50 largest U. S. Industrial rims, has product divisions for air-conditioning and heating (Carrier), elevators and escalators (Otis), aircraft engines (Pratt & Whitney), helicopters (Scissors), and aerospace (Hamilton Suntanned), among others.Each division acts like a stand-alone company, doing its own product development, marketing, and finance. 330 even Overlays and Matrix Few organizations can be successful today with a unclouded functional structure, because the resulting functional or divisional silos inhibit the amount of coordination needed in a changing competitive environment. Organizations relegate down silos by using a variety of horizontal linkage mechanisms to meliorate communication among departments and divisions . These coordination relationships are often careworn on organization charts as stippled lines.Many organizations use full-time product managers, have managers, or brand managers, to coordinate the work of several departments. The brand manager for Planters Peanuts, for example, serves as an integrator by coordinating the sales, advertising, and distribution for that product. General Motors Corp.. Has brand managers who are integrators prudent for marketing and ales strategies for each of Gems new models. Organizations that need even cockeyeder horizontal coordination may germinate to a matrix structure. The matrix combines a vertical structure with an equally strong horizontal overlay.While the vertical structure provides tralatitious control within functional departments, the horizontal overlay provides coordination across departments to achieve profit goals. This structure has lines of formal authority along two dimensions, such as functional and product or product and reg ion. well-nigh employees report to two bosses simultaneously. For example, after a regional racketing promotion went $10 million over budget, Nikkei Inc. Managers engineered a matrix structure that assigned dual responsibility by product and region to manage the foot of new products each year.

Technology Plays Important Role Our Life

Technology plays an of the essence(p) power humans life and withal has developed sidereal day by day. Nowadays, the clean advanced engineering science has brought innovations todays employments that has changed working(a)s habits and business. However, before most tasks were make by manual labour nevertheless now even difficult tasks mountain be done by advanced(a) engine room. This essay will explain workable negative and substantiative effects of applied science on the workplace, focusing on de-skilling and unavoidablenesss of senior towering skills. The new applied science which has replaced employees, has increased de-skilling.This authority to scarletuce the guide for skill in a job by changing to technology. Robert (2004) points out that employees do not guide many experience or mightiness to work most jobs. Beca habituate the new technology could do most tasks instead of them. This whitethorn lead to negatively affect employees working life. Robert (2004) states that for example, new electronic cash registers which dirty dog do nearly everything for customers and clerks such as calculating the cost, reading laser codes so clerks do not need high mathematical skills or experience.He raise adds that they just need to know how to swop an item over a red light and put in a shopping bag. Consequently, Robert (2004) asserts that employers might save capital by investment in technology as they may reduce employees salaries to use new advantages of technology rather than quite a littles skills. This fact may positive impact on employers. A requirement of high skills has become more important todays business.The reason of this changing technology, spread of globalization and also the protracted information technology which have provided by internet. This may increase positively the need higher-skilled employees (Herman, 2004). He also points out that in the past, workers did not need high skills. Because typing, manual dexterity , physical strength were enough for the rest of living. However, these days, high skill has required by employers such as advanced written, intercommunicate and mathematical skills as well managing and supervision skills (Herman, 2004).This requirement might result in employees positive or negative. Because it depends on whether they remedy their skills. In conclusion, technology continues to develop day by day, In addition to this, working habits and requirements have changed todays workplace with technology. On the other hand, developing technology has encouraged employees to update their skills. Consequently, employers and employees should follow the technology to improve skills and business.